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THE  LIBRARY 
OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


GIFT  OF 
Gift  U.C.  Uhrary 


NEW 

WOKD-ANALYSIS: 

OK, 

iSCHOOL    ETYMOLOGY    OF    ENGLISH 
DEKIVATIVE   WOKDS. 

WITH    PRACTICAL    EXERCISES 

IN 

SPELLING,  ANALYZING,  DEFINING,  SYNONYMS,  AND 
THE   USE   OF   WORDS. 


Bv  WILLIAM    SWINTON, 

Gold  Medalist  for  Text-Books,  Paris  Exposition,  1878;  and  Authoe  of 

"SwjMox's  Geographies,"   "Outlines  of  the  World's 

llioioRY,"  "  Lan'gl'age  Series,"  etc. 


IVrSOX,  BLAKEMAX,  TAYLOR,  AXD   COMPANY: 

NEW    YORK    AND    CHICAGO. 

1880. 


Copyright,  1879, 
By  William   Swinton. 


P  E  E  FAO  E. 


The  present  text-book  is  a  new-modeling  and  rewriting 
of  Swinton's  Word- Analysis,  first  published  in  1871.  It 
has  grown  out  of  a  large  amount  of  testimony  to  the 
effect  that  the  older  book,  while  valuable  as  a  manual  of 
methods,  in  the  hands  of  teachers,  is  deficient  in  practice- 
work  for  pupils. 

This  testimony  dictated  a  doul^le  procedure :  first,  to 
retain  the  old  methods;  secondly,  to  add  an  adequate 
amount  of  new  matter. 

Accordingly,  in  the  present  manual,  the  few  Latin 
roots  and  derivatives,  with  the  exercises  thereon,  have 
been  retained — under  "  Part  II. :  The  Latin  Element"  — 
as  simply  a  method  of  stud//.*    There    have  then    been 

*  To  teachers  who  are  unacquainted  witli  the  original  Word-Annhjsis, 
the  following  extract  from  the  Preface  to  that  work  may  not  be  out  of 
place :  — - 

"The  treatment  of  the  Latin  derivatives  in  Part  II.  presents  a  new 
and  important  feature,  to  wit  :  the  systematic  analysis  of  the  structure 
and  organism  of  derivative  words,  together  with  the  statement  of  their 

626396 


IV  PREFACE. 

added,  in  "  Division  II. :  Abbreviated  Latin  Derivatives," 
no  fewer  tban  two  hundred  and  twenty  Latin  root- 
words  with  their  most  important  English  offshoots.  In 
order  to  concentrate  into  the  limited  available  space  so 
large  an  amount  of  new  matter,  it  was  requisite  to  devise 
a  novel  mode  of  indicating  the  English  derivatives. 
What  this  mode  is,  teachers  will  see  in  the  section,  pages 
50-104.  The  author  trusts  that  it  will  prove  well  suited 
to  class-room  work,  and  in  many  other  ways  interest- 
ing and  valuable:  should  it  not,  a  good  deal  of  labor, 
both  of  the  lamp  and  of  the  file,  will  have  been  mis- 
placed. 


I^iimary  meaning  in  such  form  that  tlie  pupil  inevitabl}'  perceives  its 
relation  with  the  root,  and  in  fact  rnakcs  its  primary  meaning  by  the 
very  process  of  analyzing  the  word  into  its  primitive  and  its  modifying 
jwefix  or  suffix.  It  presents,  also,  a  marked  improvement  in  the  method 
of  approaching  the  definition,  —  a  method  by  which  the  definition  is  seen 
to  groiv  out  of  the  primary  meaning,  and  by  which  the  analytic  faculty  of 
the  pupil  is  exercised  in  tracing  the  transition  from  the  primary  meaning 
to  the  secondary  and  figurative  meanings,  — ■  thus  converting  what  is 
ordinarily  a  matter  of  rote  into  an  agreeable  exercise  of  the  thinking 
faculty.  Another  point  of  novi-lty  in  the  method  of  treatment  is  pre- 
sented in  the  copious  practical  exercises  on  the  iise  of  words.  The 
experienced  instructor  very  well  knows  that  pupils  may  memorize  endless 
lists  of  terms  and  ilefinitions  without  having  any  realization  of  the  actual 
living  power  of  words.  vSuch  a  realization  can  only  be  gained  by  using  the 
word,  —  b}^  turning  it  over  in  a  variety  of  ways,  and  by  throwing  upon  it 
the  side-lights  of  its  synonym  and  contrasted  woi'd.  The  method  of 
thus  utilizing  English  derivatives  gives  a  study  which  possesses  at  once 
simplicity  and  frnitfuhiess,  —  the  two  desiderata  of  an  instrument  of 
elementaiy  discijjline." 


PREFACE.  V 

To  one  matter  of  detail  in  connection  with  the  Latin 
and  Greek  derivatives,  the  author  wishes  to  call  special 
attention:  the  Latin  and  the  Greek  roots  are,  as  key- 
words, given  in  this  boolv  in  the  form  of  the  ijresent 
infinitive,  —  the  present  indicative  and  the  supine  being, 
of  course,  added.  For  this  there  is  one  sufficient  justiti- 
cation,  to  wit :  that  the  present  infinitive  is  the  form  in 
which  a  Latin  or  a  Greek  root  is  always  given  in  Webster 
and  other  received  lexicographic  authorities.  It  is  a 
curious  fact,  that,  in  all  the  school  etymologies,  the  pres- 
ent indicative  should  have  been  given  as  the  root,  and  is 
explicable  only  from  the  accident  that  it  is  the  key-form 
in  the  Latin  dictionaries.  The  change  into  conformity 
with  our  English  dictionaries  needs  no  defense,  and  will 
probably  hereafter  be  imitated  by  all  authors  of  school 
etymologies. 

In  this  compilation  the  author  has  followed,  in  the 
main,  the  last  edition  of  Webster's  Unabridged,  the  ety- 
mologies in  which  carry  the  authoritative  sanction  of 
Dr.  Mahn  ;  but  reference  has  constantly  been  had  to  the 
works  of  Wedgwood,  Latham,  and  Haldeman,  as  also  to 
,  tlie  "  English  Etymology "  of  Dr.  James  Douglass,  to 
whom  the  author  is  specially  indebted  in  the  Greek  and 

Anglo-Saxon  sections. 

W.  S. 
Kew  York,  1879. 


COI^TENTS. 


PART  I. 

INTRODUCTION.  page 

I.    Elemfnts  of  the  English  Vocabulary              ...  i 

II.     Etymological  Classes  of  Words       .....  5 

III.     Prefixes  and  Sl^ffixes         ......  5 

IV^.     Rules  of  Spelll\g  used  in  forming  Derivative  Words           .  6 

PART  II. 

THE  LATIN  ELEMENT. 

I.     Latin  Prefixes           .......  9 

II.    Latin  Suffixes      ........  12 

III.     Directions  in  the  Study  of  Latin  Derivatives         .           .  21 

Latin  Roots  and  English  Derivatives        .  .  .  -23 

Division    I.     Method  of  Study          ....  23 

Division  11.    Abbreviated  Latin  DtRivATivES           .           .  50 

PART  III. 

THE  GREEK  ELEMENT. 

I.    Greek  Prefixes    ........  105 

II.     Greek  Alphabet         .......  106 

Greek  Roots  and  English  Derivatives     ....  107 

Divisi  .N     1.     Principal  Greek  Roots          .            .           .  107 
Division  II,    Additional  Greek  Roots  and  their  De- 
rivatives           .           .           .           .           .120 

PART   IV. 

THE  ANGLO-SAXON   ELEMENT. 

I.     Anglo-Saxon  Prefixes       ......  125 

II.     Anglo-Sa.\on  Suffixes              ......  125 

Anglo-Saxon  Roots  and  English  Derivatives          .            .  137 

Specimens  of  Anglo-Saxon              .....  132 

Specimens  of  Srmi-Saxon  and  Early  English       .           .  135 

Anglo-Saxon  Element  in  Modern  English     ,            .           .  136 

PART  V. 

MISCELLANEOUS  DERIVATIVES. 

L     Words  derived  from  the  Names  ck  Persons             .           ,  142 

1.  Nouns           ........  142 

2.  Adjectives        .            ......  144 

II.    Words  ukkived  from  the  Names  of  Places       .           ,           .  146 

HI.    Etymology  of  Words  used  i.v  ihe  principal  School  ''tueues  149 

1.  Terms  in  Geography       ......  149 

2.  Terms  in  Grammar     ......  150 

3.  Terms  in  Arithmetic     ......  154 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


Part  I.  — INTRODUCTION. 

I -ELEMENTS  OF  THE  ENGLISH  VOOABULAEY. 

1,  Etymology^  is  the  study  which  treats  of  the  derivation 
of  words,  —  that  is,  of  their  structure  and  history. 

2.  English  etymology,  or  word-analysis,  treats  of  the  dt^ri- 
vatiou  of  English  words. 

3«  The  vocahulary-  of  a  language  is  the  whole  bod}'  of 
words  in  that  language.  Hence  the  English  vocabulary  con- 
sists of  all  the  words  in  the  English  language. 

I.  The  complete  study  of  any  language  comprises  two  distinct  in- 
quiries, —  the  study  of  the  gravimar  of  the  language,  and  the  study 
of  its  vocabulary.  Word-analysis  has  to  do  exclusively  with  the  vo- 
cabulary. 

II.  The  term  "etymology"  as  used  in  grammar  must  he  carefully 
distinguished  from  "  etymologj' "  in  the  sense  of  word-analysis.  Gram- 
matical etymology  treats  solely  of  the  grammatical  changes  in  words, 
and  does  not  concern  itself  with  their  derivation  ;  historical  etymology 
treats  of  the  structure,  composition,  and  history  of  words.  Thus  the 
relation  of  loves,  loving,  loved  to  the  verb  love  is  a  matter  of  grammati- 
cal etymology ;  but  the  relation  of  lover,  lovehj,  or  loveliness  to  love  is 
a  matter  of  historical  etymology. 

1  "Etymolog>'."  Greek  et'umon,  the  true  literal  sense  of  a  word  according  to  Its 
derivation,  and  lofj'os,  a  discourse. 

s  "Vocabulary,"  Latin  vocabula'rium,  stock  of  words;  from  vox,  vocis,  a  voice,  a 
word. 


2  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

III.  The  English  vocabulary  is  very  extensive,  as  is  showni  by  the 
fact  that  in  Webster's  Unabridged  Dictionary  there  are  nearly  100,000 
words.  But  it  should  be  observed  that  3,000  or  4,000  serve  all  the 
ordinary  purposes  of  oral  and  written  communication.  The  Old  Tes- 
tament contains  5,642  words;  Milton  uses  about  8,000;  and  Shake- 
speare, whose  vocabulary  is  more  extensive  than  that  of  any  other 
English  writer,  employs  no  more  than  15,000  words. 

4.  The  principal  elements  of  the  English  vocabulary  are 
words  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  of  Latin  or  French-Latin  origin. 

5.  Anglo-Saxon  is  the  earliest  form  of  English.  The  whole 
of  the  grammar  of  our  language,  and  the  most  largely  used 
part  of  its  vocabulary,  are  Anglo-Saxon. 

I.  Anglo-Saxon  belongs  to  the  Low  German.^  division  of  the  Teu- 
tonic stock  of  languages.  Its  relations  to  the  other  languages  of  Europe 
—  all  of  which  are  classed  together  as  the  Aryan,  or  Indo-European 
family  of  languages  —  may  be  seen  from  the  following  table  :  — 


Indo- 
European 
Pamily. 


Celtic  stock as  Welsh,  Gaelic. 

Slavonic  stock as  Russian. 

.  Greek     (  Itahau. 
Classic  stock 


I  ureeK     r  iraiiau. 
(  Latin     s  Spanish. 
^  Freiidi. 


French,  etc. 
(  Scandinavian  :    .     .     as  Swedish. 
Teutonic  stock -^  ,  High  Gen:  as  Modern  German. 

t  German  {   ,    °,  .      -      , 

^  {  Low  Ger.  :  as  Angio-baxon. 

II.  The  term  "  Anglo-Saxon  "  is  derived  from  the  names  Angles  and 
Saxons,  two  North  German  tribes  who,  in  the  fifth  century  A.  D.,  in- 
vaded Britain,  conquered  the  native  Britons,  and  possessed  themselves 
of  the  land,  which  they  called  England,  that  is.  Angle-land.  The 
Britons  s])oke  a  Celtic  language,  best  represented  by  modern  AVelsh. 
Some  British  words  were  adopted  into  Anglo-Saxon,  and  still  continue 
in  our  language  :  as  basket,  (jovm,  pan. 

1  By  the  Loiv  German  languages  an;  meant  tliose  spoken  in  the  h)w,  flat  counti'ies 
of  Nortli  Germany,  along  tlie  coast  of  the  North  Sea  (as  Dutch,  the  language  of  Hol- 
land) ;  and  they  are  so  called  in  contradistiuction  to  High  German,  or  German 
proper. 


INTRODUCTION.  3 

6.  The  Latin  element  in  the  English  vocabulary  consists 
of  a  large  number  of  words  of  Latin  origin,  adopted  directly 
into  English  at  various  periods. 

The  principal  periods  during  which  Latin  words  were  brought  directly 
into  English  are  :  — 

1.  At  the  introduction  of  Christianity  into  England  by  the  Latin 
Catholic  missionaries,  A.  D.  596. 

2.  At  the  revival  of  classical  learning  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

3.  By  modern  writers. 

7.  The  French-Latin  element  in  the  English  language 
consists  of  French  words,  first  largely  introduced  into  Eng- 
lish by  the  Xorman-French  who  conquered  England  in  the 
eleventh  century,  a.  d. 

I.  French,  like  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese,  is  substantially 
Latin,  but  Latin  considerably  altered  by  loss  of  grammatical  forms  and 
by  other  changes.  This  language  the  Norman-  French  invaders  brought 
with  them  into  England,  and  they  continued  to  use  it  for  more  than 
two  centuries  after  the  Conquest.  Yet,  as  they  were  not  so  numerous 
as  the  native  pojwlation,  the  old  Anglo-Saxon  finally  prevailed,  though 
with  an  immense  infusion  of  French  words. 

II.  French-Latin  words  —  that  is,  Latin  words  introduced  through 
the  French — can  often  be  readily  distinguished  by  their  being  more 
changed  in  form  than  the  Latin  terms  directly  introduced  into  our 
languajre.     Thus  — 


Latin. 

French. 

English, 

inimi'  cus 

ennemi 

enemy 

pop'  ulus 

peuple 

people 

se'nior 

sire 

sir 

8 1  Other  Elements.  —  In  addition  to  its  primary  constitu- 
ents —  namely,  the  Anglo-Saxon,  Latin,  and  French-Latin  — 
the  English  vocabulary  contains  a  large  number  of  Greek 
derivatives  and  a  considerable  number  of  Italian,  Spanish, 
and  Portuguese  words,  besides  various  terms  derived  from 
miscellaneous  sources. 


4  WOKD-ANALYSIS. 

The  following  are  examples  of  words  taken  from  miscellaneous 
sources ;  that  is,  from  sources  other  than  Anglo-Saxon,  Latin,  French- 
Latin,  and  Greek  :  — 

Hebrew :  amen,  cherub,  jubilee,  leviathan,  manna,  sabbath,  seraph. 

Arabic :  admiral,  alcohol,  algebra,  assassin,  camphor,  caravan,  chemis- 
try,   cipher,  coffee,  elixir,  gazelle,  lemon,  magazine,  nabob,    sultan. 

Turkish :  bey,  chibouk,  chouse,  janissary,  kiosk,  tulip. 

Persian :  azure,  bazaar,  checkmate,  chess,  cimeter,  demijohn,  dervise, 
orange,  paradise,  pasha,  turban. 

Hindustayii :  culico,  i\mg\e,  pariah,  punch,  rupee,  shampoo,  toddy. 

Malay :  a-muck,  bamboo,  bantam,  gamboge,  gong,  gutta-percha,  mango. 

Chinese :  nankeen,  tea. 

Polynesian  :  kangaroo,  taboo,  tattoo. 

American  Indian  :  maize,  moccasin,  pemmican,  potato,  tobacco,  tom- 
ahawk, tomato,  wigwam. 

Celtic :  barrow,  basket,  cart,  darn,   kiln,  kilt,   mop,   plaid,  wire. 

Scandinavian  :  dale,  ford,  gate. 

Dutch,  or  Hollandish:  block,  boom,  bowsprit,  reef,  skates,  sloop,  yacht. 

Italian :  canto,  cupola,  gondola,  grotto,  lava,  opera,  piano,  regatta, 
soprano,  stucco,  vista. 

Spmiish :  armada,  cargo,  cigar,  desperado,  flotilla,  grandee,  mosquito, 
mulatto,  punctilio,  sherry,  sierra. 

Portuguese :  caste,  connnodore,  fetish,  mandarin,  palaver. 

9.  Proportions.  — On  an  examination  of  passages  selected 
from  modern  English  authors,  it  is  found  that  of  every  hun- 
dred words  sixty  are  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  thirty  of  Latin, 
five  of  Greek,  and  all  the  other  sources  combined  furnisli  the 
remaining  five. 

By  actual  count,  tlicre  are  more  words  of  classical  than  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  origin  in  tlie  English  vocabulary,  —  probably  two  and  a  half  times 
as  many  of  tlie  former  as  of  the  latter.  But  Anglo-Saxon  words  are  so 
much  more  employed  —  owing  to  the  constant  repetition  of  conjunctions, 
prepositions,  adverbs,  auxiliaries,  etc.  (all  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin)  —that 
in  any  page  of  even  the  most  Latinized  writer  they  greatly  preponderate. 
In  the  Bible,  and  in  Shakespeare's  vocabulary,  they  are  in  the  proportion 
of  ninety  per  cent.    For  specimens  showing  Anglo-Saxon  words,  see  p.  136, 


INTRODUCTION.  5 

II -ETYMOLOGICAL  CLASSES  OP  WOEDS. 

10.  Classes  by  Origin. —  With  respect  to  their  origin, 
words  are  divided  into  two  classes, — primitive  words  and 
derivative  words. 

11,  A  primitive  word,  or  root,  is  one  that  cannot  he  re- 
duced to  a  more  simple  form  in  the  language  to  which  it  is 
native  :  as,  man,  good,  run. 

\'l,  A  derivative  word  is  one  made  np  of  a  root  and  one 
or  moTG  formative  elements:  as,  manli/,  goodness,  vun7ier. 

The  formative  elements  are  called  prefixes  and  suffixes. 
(See  §§  IG,  17.) 

13.  By  Composition. — With  respect  to  their  composition, 
words  are  divided  into  two  classes,  —  simple  and  compound 
words. 

14.  A  simple  word  consists  of  a  single  significant  term  : 
as,  school,  master,  roAn,  bow. 

15.  A  compound  word  is  one  made  up  of  two  or  more 
simple  words  united:  as,  school-master,  rainhoiv. 

In  some  compound  words  the  constituent  parts  are  joined  by  the 
hyphen  as  school- master;  in  others  the  parts  coalesce  and  the  compound 
forms  a  single  (though  not  a  simj^le)  word,  as  rainbow. 

III. -PREFIXES  AND   SUPPIXES. 

16.  A  prefix  is  a  significant  syllable  or  word  placed  before 
and  joined  with  a  word  to  modify  its  meaning  :  as,  unsafe  = 
wo^safe  ;  removes  move  iac/c;  circumnavigate^:  sail  aroimc?. 

17»  A  suffix  is  a  significant  sj'llable  or  sjdlables  placed 
after  and  joined  with  a  word  to  modify  its  meaning  :  as,  safely 
=  in  a  safe  manner;  movable  =: that  maybe  moved;  nav- 
igation =aci;  of  sailing. 

The  word  affix  signifies  either  a  prefix  or  a  suffix  ;  and  the  verb  to 
affix  means  to  join  a  prefix  or  a  suffix  to  a  root-word. 


b  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

EXERCISE. 

Tell  whether  the  following  words  are  primitive  or  derivative,  and 
also  whether  simple  or  compound  :  — 

1  grace                   IG  music-teacher       31  large  40  friendly 

2  sign                      17  footstep                 3-2  truthful  47  reform 

3  design                  IS  glad                        33  manliness  48  whalebone 

4  midshipman       19  redness                 31  milkmaid  49  quiet 

5  wash                    20  school                    35  gentleman  50  quietude 
G  sea                 .      21  iire                        36  sailor  51  gardener 

7  workman            22  watch-key             37  steamboat  52  form 

8  love                      23  give                       3S  wooden  53  formal 

9  lovely                 24  foiget                    39  rich  54  classmate 

10  white                   2.3  iron                        40  hilly  55  trust 

11  childhood            26  hardihood             41  coachman  56  trustworthy 

12  kingdom             27  young                   42  warm  57  penknife 

13  rub                      2S  right                     43  sign-xjost  58  brightness 

14  music                  29  ploughman           44  greenish  59  grammarian 

15  musician             30  day-star                45  friend  60  unfetter 


IV.-KULES   OP  SPELLING  USED  IN  POEMING  DEEIV- 
ATIVE  WOEDS. 

Rule  I. —  Final  "e"  followed  by  a  Vowel, 

Final  e  of  a  primitive  word  is  dropped  on  taking  a  suffix 
beginning  with  a  vowel :  as,  blame  +  able  =  blamable ;  guide  + 
ance= guidance;  come +  ing=: coming;  force +  ible— forcible; 
obscure -f  ity  =  obscurit}'. 

Exception  1.  —  Words  ending  in  ge  ov  ce  usually  retain  the  e  before 
a  sullix  beginning  with  a  or  o,  for  the  reason  that  c  and  g  would  have  the 
hard  sound  if  the  e  were  dropped  :  as,  peace  4- able  =  peaceable  ;  change -t- 
able  =  changeable  ;  courage +  ous  =  courageous. 

Exception  2. —  Words  ending  in  oe  retain  the  c  to  preserve  the 
sound  of  the  root:  as,  shoe-l-ing=shoeing  ;  hoe  +  ing  =  hoeing.  Thee 
is  retained  in  a  few  words  to  prevent  their  being  confounded  with  similar 
words:  as,  singe -t-iiig= singeing  (to  prevent  its  being  confounded  with 
singing). 


INTKODUCTION.  7 

Rule  II.  — Final  "  e"  followed  by  a  Consonant. 

Final  e  of  a  primitive  word  is  retained  on  taking  a  suffix 
beginning  witli  a  consonant:  as,  pale  +  ness=paleness ; 
large +  ]y= largely. 

Exception  1.  —  AVlien  the  final  c  is  preceded  by  a  vowel,  it  is  some- 
tiuH's  omitti'd  :  as,  due  +  h-=dul3';  true +  ly=  truly  ;  whole +  ly  =  wholly. 

Exception  2.  —  A  few  words  ending  in  c  drop  the  e  before  a  suffix 
beginning  with  a  consonant:  as,  judge +  nient=judgment ;  lodge +  ment 
=lodgnient  ;  abridge +  ment=abridgraent. 

Rule  III.  —  Final  '' y  "  j}^cceflefl  by  a  Consonant. 

Final  7/  of  a  primitive  word,  when  preceded  l)v  a  consonant, 
is  generally  clian<;ced  into  i  on  the  addition  of  a  suffix. 

Exception  1.  —  Before  iug  or  ■ish,  the  final  i/  is  retained  to  prevent 
the  doubling  of  the  i  :  as,  pity +  ing=  pitying. 

Exception  2. — Words  ending  in  ie  and  dropping  the  e  by  Rule  I. 
cliange  the  i  into  y  to  prevent  the  doubling  of  the  i  :  as,  clie  +  ing= 
dying;  lie +  ing  =  lying. 

Exception  3.  —  Final  y  is  sometimes  changed  into  c  :  as,  duty  + 
ous  =  duteous  ;  beauty +  ous  =  beauteous. 

Rule  IV.  —  Final  '"  y  "  j>recetleil  by  a  Vowel. 

Final  7/  of  a  primitive  word,  when  preceded  by  a  vowel, 
should  not  be  changed  into  an  i  before  a  suffix :  as,  joy+less 
=  joyless. 

Rule  V.  —  Doubling. 

Monosyllables  and  other  words  accented  on  the  last  sylla- 
ble, when  they  end  with  a  single  consonant,  preceded  by  a 
single  vowel,  or  by  a  A'owel  after  qu,  double  their  final  letter 
before  a  suffix  beginning  with  a  vowel :  as,  rob +  ed=: robbed  ; 
fop+  ish=foppish  ;  squat +  er==squatter  ;  prefer'+  ing=pre- 
fer'ring. 

Exceptions.  —  X  final,  being  equivalent  to  ^-5,  is  never  doubled  ;  and 
when  the  derivative  does  not  retain  the  accent  of  the  root,  the  final  con- 
sonant is  not  always  doubled  :  as,  prefer' +  ence= preference. 


8  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Rule  VI.  —  No  Doubling. 

A  final  consonant,  when  it  is  not  pruceded  by  a  single 
vowel,  or  when  the  accent  is  not  on  the  last  syllable,  should 
remain  single  before  an  additional  syllable:  as,  toil  +  ing= 
toiling;  cheat +  ed  =  cheated;  inurmur+ ing— miuunuring. 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT. 


PART  II.  — THE  LATIN  ELEMENT. 
I.-LATIIT  PEEHXES. 


Prefix. 

Signification. 

Example. 

Definition. 

a- 

ab- 
abs- 

a-vert 

to  turn  from. 

z=from 

ab-solve 

to  release /rom. 

abs-taiii 

to  hold  from. 

ad- 

ad-here 

to  stick  to. 

a- 

a-gree 

to  be  pleasing  to. 

ac- 

ac-cede 

to  yield  to. 

af- 

af-fix 

to  fix  to. 

ag- 
al- 

=  to 

ag-grieve 
al-ly 

to  give  pain  to. 
to  bind  to. 

an- 

an-nex 

to  tie  to. 

ap- 

ap-pend 

to  hang  to. 

ar- 

ar-rive 

to  reach  to. 

as- 

as-sent 

to  yield  to. 

NOTE.  - 

-  The  forms  ac- 

af-,  etc.,  are  euphonic  variations  of  ad-,  and 

follow  gen 

erally  the  rule  that  the  final  consonant  of  the  prefix  assimilates 

to  the  init 

ial  letter  of  the  root. 

am- 

anib- 

==  around 

am-pntate 
amb-ient 

to  cut  around.     . 
going  around. 

ante- 

anti- 

.  =  be/ore 

ante-cedent 
anti-cipate 

going  before. 
to  take  before. 

bi- 

bi-ped 

a  ??co-footed  animal. 

bis- 

>=  tv'o  or  hoice-i  ■  "     ■, 
bis-ciut 

tv:ice  cooked. 

circum-' 

circn-       ' 

=  around 

circum-navigate 
circu-it 

to  sail  aroxmd. 
journey  around. 

con- 

con-vene 

to  come  together. 

co- 

co-equal 

er[ual  v-ith. 

cog- 
col- 

=r  icifJi  or  to- 
r/ether 

cog-nate 
col-loquy 

born  together. 

a  speaking  loith  another. 

com- 

com-pose 

to  put  together. 

cor- 

cor-relative 

relative  with. 

10 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


Note.  —  The  forms  co-,  cog-,  col-,  coiii< 

variations  of  con-. 


1-,  and  cor-,   are  euphonic 


contra-diet  to  speak  against. 

against  contro-vert  to  turn  against.  ■ 

counter-niand  to  order  against. 

=  down  or  off   de-pose  ;  de-fend  to  put  down;  fend  off. 

1       r  asunder      dis-pel  to  drive  asunder. 

)  =  I  apart ;  op-  di-vert  to  turn  apart. 

{posite  of     dif-fer  to  bear aparf;  disagree. 

The  forms  di-  and  dif-  are  euphonic  forms  of  dis-  ;  dif- 


contra- 

contro- 
counter- 

de- 

dis- 

di- 

dif- 

liToTE. 
used  before  a  root  beginninc^  with  a  vowel. 


ex- 

e- 

ec- 
ef- 


ex-clude 
e-ject 
■out  or  from  ^c-centric 

ef-flux 


to  shut  out. 
to  cast  out. 
from  the  center, 
a  flowing  out. 


Note.  —  e-,  ec-,  and  e£-  are  euphonic  variations  of  ex-.  "When  pre- 
fixed to  the  name  of  an  office,  ex-  denotes  that  the  person  formerly  held 
the  office  named  :  as,  Cic-iuayor,  the  former  mayor. 


extra- 

=  beyond 

extra-ordinary 

beyond  ordinary. 

in- 

(in  Douns  and 

in-clude 

to  shut  in. 

il- 

verbs.) 

il-luniinate 

to  throw  light  on. 

im- 

■  =  in,  into,  on 

im-port 

to  carr)^  in. 

ir- 

ir-rigate 

to  pour  water  on. 

en-,  em- 

en-force 

to  force  on. 

Note.  —  The  forms  n-,  im-,  and  ir-  are  euphonic  variations  of  In-. 
The  forms  en-  and  em-  are  of  Greek  ori<nn. 


in- 

(in  adjectives 

in-sane 

not  sane. 

ig- 

and  nouns.) 

ig-noble 

not  noble. 

11- 

■=  not 

il-legal 

not  legal. 

im- 

ini-mature 

not  mature 

ir-          J 

ir-regular 

not  regular. 

THE   LATIN   ELEMENT, 


11 


inter- 

intel- 

intra- 
intro- 
juxta- 
non- 

NOTE. 

11071-  and 
ob- 

0- 

oc- 

of- 
op- 

per- 

pel- 

NOTE. 

year. 
post- 
pre- 
preter- 

pro- 

NOTE. 

into  por- 

re- 

red- 

retro- 
se- 


h 


hehceen  or    inter-cede 
among      intel-ligent 

:=  inside  of       intra-mural 

=  within,  into  intro-duce 

=  near  juxta-position 

=  not  non-combatant 


to  go  beticeen. 
choosing  betxveen. 

inside  of  the  waUa. 

to  lead  into. 

a  placing  near. 

not  fi"htincr. 


—  A  hyphen  is  generally,  though  not  always,  placed  between 
the  root. 


ob-ject  to  throw  against. 

o-mit  to  leave  out. 

oc-cur  to  run  against ;  hence,  to 

happen, 
of-fend  to  strike  against. 

op-pose  to  put  one's  self  a^ainsi. 

per-vade  ;  per-fect  to  pass   through ;     thor- 
oughly made, 
pel-lucid  thoroughly  clear. 

—  Standing  alone,   per-  signifies  hy :  as,  per  annum,  by  the 


in  the  way, 
=      against, 
or  out 


through, 
thoroughly 


=  after,  behind  post- script  written  after. 

=  before  pre-cede  to  go  before. 

=  beyond  preter-natural        beyond  nature. 

I       for,  forth,    pro-noun  for  a  noun. 

)       or  foncard    pro-pose  to  put /or^/t. 

-  In  a  few  instances  pro-  is  changed  into  pur-,  as  ^rpose 
as  ^Jortray  ;  and  into  pol-,  as  ^^oflute. 

I  re-pel  to  drive  hack. 

-  =  hacK ov anew     ,  2.    i       -l    i 

I  red-eem  to  buy  back. 

=  backwards    retro-grade  going  bachcards. 

=  aside,  apart  se-cede  to  go  apart. 


12 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


sine- 

sim- 


H 


without 


under  or 
after 


sme-cure 
sim-ple 

sub-scribe 

suc-ceed 

suf-fer 

sug-gest 

sum-mon 

sup-port 

sus-tain 


without  care. 
without  folds. 


[under. 


sub- 

suc- 

suf- 

sug- 

sum- 

sup- 

sus- 

NoTE.  —  The  euphonic  variations  sue-,  suf-,  sug-,  sum-,  sup-,  result 

from  assimilating  the  b  of  sub-  to  the  initial  letter  of   the  root.     In 
"  sustain  "  s  .s-  is  a  contraction  of  subs-  for  sub-, 
under   or 


to  write  under. 

to  foUow  after. 

to  undergo. 

to  bring  to  mind  from 

to  hint  from  under. 

to  bear  by  being  under, 

to  -MnfZer-hold. 


subter-  y  = 


super-    <  = 


beneath 
above  or 


subter-fuge 


a  ilying  under. 


super-natural         above  nature. 
over  super-vise  to  over-see. 

Note.  —  In  derivatives  through  tlie  French,   super-  takes  the  form 
sur-,  as  sur-vey,  to  look  over. 


trans- 

tra- 

ultra- 


1= 
f 


throughfiver,  trans-gress 
or  beyond  tra-verse 

beyond,  or     ultra-montane 


to  step  beyond. 
to  pass  over. 

beyond     the     mountain 
(the  Alps). 


i  =      extremely  ultra-conservative  ^^^^^^^^^^  conservative, 


Suffix. 

-able 

-ible 
-ble 


II. -LATIN  SUFFIXES. 


signification.  Example. 

cur-able 
that  may  be;  fit    p^.gj^^i^ 

^^  ^'  solu-ble 


1= 


Definition. 

that  may  be  cured. 
that  may  be  done. 
that  may  be  dissolved. 

relating  to  the  heart. 
like  a  demon. 


relating  to  or  re-    cardi-ac 
sembling  demoni-ac 

Note. — The  suffix  -ac  is  found  only  in  Latin  derivatives  of  Greek 
oii"iu. 


THE    LATIN    ELEMENT. 


-aceous 

-acious 


sapon-aceous    liaviiuj  the  quality  of 
of ;  having  the  soap. 

quality  of  cap-acious         havimj   the   quality  of 

holdiii"  much. 


-acy 

-age 

Note. 
-al       = 


condition  of  be- 
iny  ;  office  of 

act,   condition, 
or  collection  of 


cap-acious 

celib-acy 
cur-acy 


condition  of  beiny  .sin- 
gle. 
office  of  a  curate. 

marri-age  act  0/ marrying. 

A-assal-age         condition  of  a.  vassal, 
foli-age  collection  of  leaves. 

—  The  suffix  -age  is  found  only  in  French- Latin  derivatives. 

relatincj  to  the  mind. 
the  act  of  removing. 
that  which  forms  the 


fadj.  relating  to  ment-al 

■!  n.  the  act  of ;  that     remov-al 
[  ichich  capit-al 


head  of  a  column. 


'adj.  relating  to 
or  befitting 

luim-an 

relating  to  mankind. 

an     _ 

hum-ane 

befitting  a  man. 

ane 

^  n.  one  who 

artis-an 

one  ivho  follows  a  trade. 

•ance      | 

state  or  quality 

A'igil-ance 

state  of  being  watchful. 

-ancy       \ 

of  being 

eleg-ance 

quality  of  being  elegant. 

-ant    = 

adj.  being 
n.  one  v;ho 

vigil-ant 
assist-ant 

being  watchful. 
one  who  assists. 

-ar 

=  relating  to  ;  like 

lun-ar 
circul-ar 

relating  to  the  moon. 
like  a  circle. 

adj.  relating  to 

epistol-ary 

relating  to  a  letter. 

-ary    = 

n.  one  who  ; 
flacc  where 

mission-ary 

one  who  is  sent  out. 

avi-ary 

a  place  where  birds  are 

kept. 

'\\.  one  who  is 

deleg-ate 

07ie  who    is    sent    by 
others. 

■ate    = 

adj.  having  the  qual- 
ity of 

accur-ate 

having  the  quality  of 
accuracy. 

v.  to  perform  the  act 

uavig-ate 

to  2^erform  the   act  of 

of,  or  cctuse 

sailing. 

14 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


.     1  = 


-cle 

,  J-  =1:  minute 

-cul         I 

-ee  =  o?ie  ^o  whom 


vesi-cle  a  minute  vessel, 

aninial-cule      a  minute  animal. 

refer-ee  one  to  whom  something 

is  referred. 


Note.  —  This  suffix  is  found  only  in  words  of  French-Latin  origin. 


engin-eer 

one  v;ho  has  charge  of 

-eer 

-ier 

=::  one  icho                   t    •      1  • 
brigad-ier 

an  engine. 
one  icho  has  charge  of 
a  brigade. 

Note.  - 

-  These   suffixes   are   found   only 

in 

words  of  French-Latin 

origin. 

-ence 

-ency 


=:  having  relation  to  terr-ene 


pres-ence 
^state  of  being  ov    ^^,^^.^,,,y 
quality  of 


having  relation  to  the 
earth. 

state  of  being  present. 
quality  of  tending  to- 
wards. 


-ent 


i  n.  one  who  or  which     stud-ent  one  who  studies. 

^1dj.  being  or  -ing       equival-ent       being  equal  to,  equal- 

ing. 

-escence  =  state  of  becoming   conval-escence  s<a<e  of  becoming  well. 

-escent     =:  becoming  conval-escent    becoming  well. 

-ess  =  female  lion-ess  a  female  lion. 

Note.  —  This  suffix  is  used  only  in  words  of  French-Latin  origin. 


-ferous      =  producing  coni-ferous 

-fie  =z  making,  causing    sopori-fic 

(       something  done 
-fice         s  :=  _    ,  arti-fice 

(  or  made 


-fy 


to  make 


forti-fy 


producing  cones. 

causing  sleep. 

something   done   with 
art. 

to  make  stronfr. 


THE  LATIN   ELEMENT. 


""n.  one  %vho 


-ic 

-ical 


I  adj.  like,  made  of, 
[         relating  to 


rust-ic  one  who  has  countrified 

manners, 
hero-ic  like  a  hero, 

nietall-ic  viade  of  metal. 

histor-ical         relating  to  history. 


Note.  —  These  suffixes  are  found  only  in  Latin  words  of  Greek  origin, 
namely,  adjectives  in  -ikos.  In  words  belonging  to  chemistry  deriva- 
tives in  -ic  denote  the  acid  containing  most  oxygen,  when  more  tiian 
one  is  formed  :  as  nitric  acid. 


just-ice 


that  ivhich  is  just. 


-ica 

-ic 


=  that  xohich 
i  =  the  science  of 
Note.  —  These  suffixes  are  found  only  in  Latin  words  of  Greek  origin 


mathemat-ics   the  science  of  quantity, 
arithmet-ic       the  science  of  number. 


-id 
-ile 

-ine 

-ion 

-ish 

-ise 

-ize 


=  being  or  -ing 

f      relating  to; 
\         apt  for 

\  ■=.  relating  to  ;  like 

the  act  of,  state 
I       of  being,  or  -ing 

=  to  make 


\= 


acr-id  ;  flu-id  being  hitter  ;  ^o\>'ing. 

puer-ile  relating  to  a  boy 

docile  ajpt  for  being  taught. 

relating  to  a  woman 
like  an  alkali. 


to  render,  or  per- 
form the  act  of 


femin-ine 
alkal-ine 

expuls-ion 

corrupt-ion 

frict-ion 

publ-ish 
fertil-ize 


the  act  of  expelling. 
state  of  being  corrupt. 
rwhhing. 

to  make  public. 
to  render  fertile. 


Note.  —  The  suffix  -ise,  -ize,  is  of  Greek  origin,  but  it  is  freely  added 
to  Latin  roots  in  forming  English  deri\-atives. 


h 


state  or  act  of; 
idiom 


hero-isni 
Gallic-ism 


state  of  a.  hero. 
a  French  idiom. 


Note.  —  This  suffix,  except  when  signifying  an  idiom,  is  found  only 
in  words  of  Greek  origin. 


16 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


-ist  ^  r= 


-ite 

-yte 


-ity 


I  n.  one  who  is 
I   adj.  being 


favor-ite 
defin-ite 
prosel-yte 


f       one  v)lw  practices    art-ist  one  who  practices  axiaxt. 

\         or  is  devoted  to    botan-ist  one  who  is  devoted  to 

botany. 
one  who  is  favored. 
being  well  defined. 
one     who  is    brought 
over. 
Note.  —  Tlie  form  -yte  is  found  only  in  words  of  Greek  origin. 

r  .  security  state  of  being  secure. 

I  __     "         5         •'       ability  quality  of  being  able. 

[  "f^'^^'y  liber-ty 

r  n.  one  loho  is  or 

that  which       capt-ive 
'l  adj.  having  the  power  cohes-ive 

or  quality 

=  feminine  testatr-ix 


state  of  being  free. 

one  ivho  is  taken. 
having  power  to  stick. 


a  woman  who  leaves 
a  will. 


-ize 

-ment 

-mony 

-or 

-ory   = 

-ose 

-ous 

-tude      [  = 


(Ses  -ise.) 

(  state  of  being  OT  act  excite-ment 
\  of;  that  which  induce-ment 

f  state  or  quality       matri-mony 
I  of;  that  ichich   testi-mony 

(one    who  ;     that  audit-or 

=    which;   quality  mot-or 

of  err-or 

(a.(\].  fitted  or  relat-  preparat-ory    _^^<cc^  to  prepare. 
I            ing  to 

n.  place  ivhere ;  that  armor-y 
u'hich 

verb-ose 
=  abounding  in 


state  of  being  excited. 
that  lohich  induces. 

state  of  marriage. 

that  ichich  is  testified. 

one  who  hears. 
that  which  moves. 
quality  of  erring. 


popul-ous 

condition  or  qual-  servi-tude 
ity  of  forti-tude 


place  where   arms  are 

kept. 
abounding  in  words. 
abounding  in  people. 

condition  of  a  slave. 
quality  of  being  brave. 


THE   LATIN   ELEMENT. 


17 


-ty 

-ule 


(See  -ity.) 

=  minute 


-ulent       =  abounding  in 

f       act  or  state  of; 
)  that  which 


glob-ule 
op-ulent 

depart-ure 
creat-uie 


a  minute  globe. 
abounding  in  wealth. 

act  of  departing. 
that  which  is  created. 


CLASSIFIED    REVIEW   OF    LATIN    SUFFIXES,  WITH  GENERIC 
DEFINITIONS. 


-an 

-ent 

-ant 
-ary 
-ate 

-ier 
-ist 
-ive 

one  icho  {agent) ;  tJiat 
ichich. 

-eer 

-or 

-ate 
-ee 

-ite 

-ive 

J 

one  tcho  is  (recipient); 
that  which  is. 

-acy 

-ism 

-age 

-ity 

Noun  SufBxes    .    . 

-ance 
-ancy 

-ment 
-mony 

state;    condition;    quali- 

-ate 

-tude 

ty  ;  act. 

-ence 

-ty 

-ency 

-ure 

' 

-ion 

-ary 
-ory 

• 

=  place  where. 

-cle 

-cule 

=  diminutives. 

-ule 

18 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


II. 


-ac 

-ic 

-al 

-ical 

-an 

-ar 

-id 
-ile 

=  relating  to ;  like ;  leing. 

-ary 

-ine 

-ent 

-ory 

-ate 
-ose 
-ous 

- 

abounding  in;  having  the 
ciuality. 

Adjective  Suffixes  .  . 

-able 
-ble 

-ible    " 
-ile 

=  that  may  be. 

-ive 

=  having  power. 

-ferous 
-flc 

1 

=  causing  or  producing. 

-aceous 
-acious 

1 
] 

=  of ;  having  the  quality. 

-escent 

=  becoming. 

III. 


Verb  Suffixes 


-ate 

-ise 
-ize 


to  malce ;  render ;  perform 
an  act. 


THE   LA.T1N   ELEMENT. 


19 


EXERCISE. 
I. 

a.  Write  and  define  nouns  denoting  the  agent  (one  -who  or  that 
■which)  from  the  following  :  — 

1.  Nouns. 

Model  :  art-^isl=-artisl,  one  who  practices  an  art.* 


1  art 

2  cash 

3  humor 

4  history 


1  profess 

2  descend 


.0  vision 
G  tribute 

7  cure 

8  engine 

3  act 

4  imitate 


i)  auction 

10  cannon 

11  flute 

12  drug 

2.  Verbs. 

5  preside 

6  solicit 


13  tragedy 

14  mutiny 

15  grammar 

16  credit 


7  visit 

8  defend 


1  adverse 


3.  Adjectives. 

2  secret  3  potent 


17  note 

18  method 
1!)  music 

20  flower  (/()?•-) 

0  survey 
10  oppose  {oppon-) 

4  private 


h.  Write  and  define  nouns  denoting  the  recipient  (one  who  is  or 
that  which)  from  the  following  :  — 

1  assign             3  captnm  (taken)  5  favor  7  natus  (born)     9  refer 

2  bedlam            4  devote                6  lease  8  patent             10  relate 

c.  Write  and  define  nouns  denoting  state,  condition,  quality,  or 
act,  from  the  following  :  — 

1.  Nouns. 


1  magistraXe 

3  cure 

5  pilgrim          7  despot 

9  vassal 

2  parent 

4  in-ivatQ 

(J  hero               8  judge 
2.  Verbs. 

10  vandal 

]  conspire 

4  repent 

7  excel              10  accompany 

13  abhor 

2  marry 

5  ply 

8  prosper           11  dejjart 

14  compose 

3  forbear 

C  abase 

9  enjoy              12  abound 
3.  Adjectives. 

1.)  deride  (fZe/i's-) 

1  accura.iQ 

3  dista.\\t 

.5  current          7  prompt  (;'-) 

9  docile 

2  (fcZicate 

4  exccllenX, 

6  parallel          8  similar 

10  moist 

*  For  tlie  full  defiiiitioii,  reference  should  be  had  to  a  dictionaiy  ;  but  in  the  present 
exercise  the  literal  or  etymological  signilication  may  suffice. 


20  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

d.  Write  and  define  nouns  denoting  place  where  from  the  follow- 
ing words  :  — 

1  grain  2  deposit  3  penitent         i  arm  5  observe 

e.  Write  and  define  nouns  expressing  derivatives  of  the  following 
nouns : — 

]  part  2  globe  3  animal  4  verse  5  corpus  (body) 


II. 

a.  Write  and  define  adjectives  denoting  relating  to,  like,  or  being, 
from  the  following  nouns  :  — 

1  parent       9  Persia  17  moment  25  ocean  33  splcndov 

2  nation  lo  presbytery  it;  element  2(;  metal  34  infant 

3  fate  11  globule  is)  second  27  nonsense     35  jjwcr  (a  boy) 

4  elegy  12  lima  (the  moon)  20  parliament  2s  astronomy  30  canis  (a dog) 

5  demon  13  oculus  (the  eye)  21  honor  2'J  botany        '61  felts  (a  cat) 
C  republic  14  consul                   22  poet  30  period         3S  promise 

7  Rome        15  sol  (the  sun)        23  despot  31  tragedy       3'.)  access 

8  Europe     IG  planet  24  majesty        Slfa-vor         40  transit 

b.  Write  and  define  adjectives  denoting  abounding  in,  having  the 
quality  of,  from  the  following  nouns  :  — 

1  passion  4  fortune  7  aqua-  (water)  10  courage  13  victory 

2  temper  r);)o;;?(Z-  (people)    8verb(aword)    11  plenty     14  joy 

3  oper-  (work)    (i  atlectiou  ■)  beauty  12  envy        15  globe 

C,  Write  and  define  adjectives  denoting  that  may  be,  or  having 
the  power,  from  the  following  verbs  :  — 

1  blame  3  move  5  collect        7  and-  (hear)     !)  vary 

2  allow  4  admit  (mm-)  (i  abuse  8  divide  (m-)  10  ara- (plough) 

Write  and  define  the  fcjllowing  adjectives  denoting  — 

{causing  or  prod uc in rf)  1  teiTor,  2  snpor-  (sleej)),  ^Jlor  (a  flower),  4  pcstis  (a 
plague)  ;  {haviwj  lliequalily  of)  :>  farina  {wwjX),  c  crust,  7  argilla  (clay) ; 
{becoming),  6  eifervesce. 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  21 

III. 

Write  and  define  verbs  denoting  to  make,  render,  or  perform  the 
act  of,  from  the  following  words  :  — 

1  authentic  4  anima  (lUe)     "just  10  false  13  equal 

2  person        5  «i€Zior  (better)  S  sanclus  {holy)  11  facilis  (easy)       14  fertile 

3  captive       o  ample  9  pan  12  ?na(/?ii(S  (great)  Ij  legal 

IIL-DIEECTIONS  IE  THE  STUDY  OP  LATIN  DERIVA- 
TIVES. 

1.  A  Latin  primitive,  or  root,  is  a  Latin  word  from  which 
a  certain  number  of  English  derivative  words  is  formed.  Thus 
the  Latin  verb  du'cere,  to  draw  or  lead,  is  a  Latin  primitive  or 
root,  and  from  it  are  formed  educe,  education,  deduction,  ductile, 
reprodiictive,  and  several  hundred  other  English  words. 

2.  Latin  roots  consist  chiefly  of  verbs,  nouns,  and  adjec- 
tives. 

3.  English  derivatives  from  Latin  words  are  generally 
formed  not  from  the  root  itself  but  from  a  part  of  the  root 
called  the  radical.  Thus,  in  the  word  "  education,"  the  root- 
word  is  ducere,  but  the  radical  is  due-  (education  =  e  +  due 
+  ate  +  ion). 

4.  A  radical  is  a  word  or  a  part  of  a  word  used  in  forming 
English  derivatives. 

5t  Sometimes  several  radicals  from  the  same  root-Avord  are 
used,  the  different  radicals  being  taken  from  different  gram- 
matical forms  of  the  root-word. 

6.  Verb-radicals  are  formed  principally  from  two  parts  of 
the  verb,  —  the  first  person  singular  of  the  present  indicative, 
and  a  part  called  the  svpine,  which  is  a  verbal  noun  corre- 
sponding to  the  English  infinitive  in  -ing.     Thus  :  — 


Isf.  pcrs.  sing.  ^n-cs.  ind.  dnco  (I  draw) 

Hoot diic- 

Derivaitve     ....  educe 


.  (drawing,  or 

Supine    .      .     .  (luctuiu      to  draw) 

Root    ....  duct- 

Dcrivative    .     .  dudilo 


22  WORD-ANALYSIS.    - 

T.  In  giving  a  Latin  verb-primitive  in  this  book  three  "principal 
parts "  of  the  verb  will  be  given,  namely :  (1)  The  present  infini- 
tive, (2)  the  first  person  singular  of  the  present  indicative,  and  (3)  the 
supine  —  the  second  and  the  third  parts  because  from  them  radicals  are 
obtained,  and  the  infinitive  because  this  is  the  part  used  in  naming  a 
verb  in  a  general  way.  Thus  as  we  say  that  luvccl,  loving,  etc.,  are 
parts  of  the  verb  "to  love,"  so  we  say  that  a'mo  (present  ind.)  and 
ama'tum  (supine)  are  parts  of  the  verb  ama're. 

II.  It  should  be  noted  that  it  is  incorrect  to  translate  amo,  amatum 
by  "to  love,"  since  neither  of  these  words  is  in  the  infinitive  mood, 
which  is  amare.  The  indication  of  the  Latin  infinitive  will  be  found 
of  great  utility,  as  it  is  the  part  by  which  a  Latin  verb  is  referred  to 
in  the  Dictionary. 

7.  Noun-radicals  and  adjective  radicals  are  formed  from 
the  nominative  and  from  the  genitive  (or  possessive)  case  of 
words  belonging  to  these  parts  of  speech.     Thus  :  — 


NoM.  Case. 

Root. 

Derivative. 

iter  (a  journej') 

iter- 

reiterate 

Gen.  Case. 

ROOT. 

Derivative. 

itineris  (of  a  journey) 

itiner- 

at  i/ie  nmt 

fclieis  (nom.  felix. 

happy) 

felic- 

felicity 

!* 
Note.  —  These  explanations  of  the  mode  of  forming  radicals  are  given  by  way  of 
general  information  ;  but  this  book  presupposes  and  requires  no  knowledge  of  Latin, 
since  in  every  group  of  English  derivatives  from  Latin,  not  only  the  root-words  in 
their  several  parts,  but  the  radicals  aclaully  used  in  word-formation,  arc  given. 

Pronunciation  of  £,atin  Words. 

1.  Every  word  in  Latin  must  have  as  many  syllables  as  it  has  vowels 
or  diphtliongs  :  as  in  ilea  (=  ini'les). 

2.  C  is  pronounced  like  k  before  a,  o,  u  :  and  like  s  before  c,  i,  y,  and 
the  diphthongs  ce  and  os  :  as  cado,  jironounced  ka'clo ;  ccdo,  pronounced 
se'do. 

3.  6r  is  pronounceil  hard  before  a,  o,  u,  and  soft  like  j  before  e,  i,  y, 
cc,  OS :  as  c/icsto,  in  which  r/  is  pronounced  as  in  Atujust  ;  (/era,  pronounced 
je'ro. 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  -  23 

4.  A  consonant  between  two  vowels  must  be  joined  to  the  latter :  as 
be7ic,  pronounced  be'nc. 

5.  Two  consonants  in  the  middle  of  a  word  must  be  divided  :  as  mille, 
pronounced  mil'lc. 

6.  The  diphthongs  ce  and  ce.  are  sounded  like  e :  as  coedo,  pronounced 
cc'do. 

7.  Words  of  two  syllables  are  accented  on  the  first  :  as  cujer,  pro- 
nounced a'jer. 

8.  When  a  word  of  more  than  one  syllable  ends  in  a,  the  a  should  be 
sounded  like  ah  :  as  musa,  pronounced  mu'sah. 

9.  T,  s,  and  c,  before  ia,  ic,  ii,  io,  iu,  and  cu,  preceded  immediately 
by  the  accent,  in  Latin  words  as  in  English,  change  into  sh  and  zh  :  as 
fa'cio,  i)ronounced  fa'sluo  ;  san'cio,  pronounced  san'slico ;  spa'lium,  pro- 
nounced spa'sheum. 

KoTE.  —  The  mode  of  pronouncing  Latin  words  is  not  uniform  even  among  English 
scholars  ;  thus,  there  is  the  English  method  {vc'nl),  the  continental  {vu'ne),  and  the 
Roman  (wd'ne).  For  the  purposes  of  Word-Analysis,  the  English  method  is  recom- 
mended, and  that  method  is  followed  iu  syllabifying  Latin  words  iu  this  book. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES. 

Division  I. -METHOD  OF  STUDY. 

1.   AG'EKE  :    a'go,  ac'tum,  to  do,  to  drive. 

Radicals  :  ag-  and  act-. 

1.  act,  V.     Analysis  :    from  actum  by  dropping  the  termination 

urn.  Definition:  to  do,  to  perform.  The  noun  "act"  is 
formed  in  the  same  way.  Definition  :  a  thing  done,  a  deed 
or  performance. 

2.  ac'tion :  act  -f  ion  =  the  act  of  doing  :  hence,  a  thing  done.  , 

3.  act'ive :-  act  +  ive  =  having  the  quality  of  acting  :  hence,  busy, 

constantly  engaged  in  action. 

4.  act'or:  act  +  or  =  one  who  acts  :  hence,  (1)  one  who  takes  part 

in  anything  done  ;  (2)  a  stage  player. 

5.  a'gent :  ag  +  ent  =  one  who  acts  :  heuce,  one  who  acts  or  trans- 

acts business  for  another. 


24  WOKD-ANALYSIS. 

6.  ag'ile :  ag  +  ile  =  apt  to  act :  hence,  nimble,  brisk. 

7.  co'gent :   from  Latin  cogens,  cogentis,  pres.  part,  of  cog' ere  (=  co 

+  agere,  to  impel),  having  the  quality  of  impelling  :   hence, 
urgent,  forcible. 

8.  enact' :  en  +  act  =  to  put  in  act :  hence,  to  decree. 

9.  transact' :  trans  +  act  =  to  drive  through  :  hence,  to  perform. 

EXEBCISB. 

(1.)  What  two  parts  of  speech  is  "act  "  ?  —  Write  a  sentence  containing 
this  word  as  a  verb  ;  another  as  a  noun.  —  Give  a  synonym  of 
"act."  Ans.  Deed.  —  From  what  is  "deed"  derived?  Ans. 
From  the  word  do  —  hence,  literally,  something  done.  —  Give  the 
distinction  between  "act"  and  "  deed."  Ans.  "  Act"  is  a  single 
action  ;  "deed "  is  a  voluntary  action  :  thus  —  "  The  action  which 
was  praised  as  a  good  deed  was  but  an  act  of  necessity." 

(2.)  Define  "action  "in  oratory;  "action  "in  law. — Combine  and  de- 
fine in  +  action. 

(3.)  Combine  and  define  in  +  active;  active +  ity;  in  +  active  +  ity. — 
What  is  the  negative  of  "active "  ?  Ans.  Inactive.  —  What  is  the 
contrary  of  "  active  "  ?    Ans.  Passive. 

(4.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  "actor"  in  each  of  its  two  .senses. 
Model:  "Washington  and  Greene  were  prominent  adors  in  the 
war  of  the  Eevolution."  "David  Ganick,  the  famous  English 
actor,  was  born  in  1716."  —  What  is  the  feminine  of  "actor"  in 
the  sense  of  stage  player  ? 

(6.)  Combine  and  define  agile  +  ity. — What  is  the  distinction  between 
"active"  and  "agile"?  Aiis.  "Active"  implies  readiness  to 
act  in  general  ;  "  agile  "  denotes  a  readiness  to  move  the  limbs.  — 
Give  two  synonyms  of  "  agile."  Ans.  Brisk,  nimble.  —  Give  the 
opposite  of  "  agile."     Ans.  Sluggish,  inert. 

(7.)  Explain  what  is  meant  by  a  "cogent  argument."  —  What  would  be 
the  contrary  of  a  cogent  argument  ? 

(8.)  Combine  and  define  enact +  ment.  — What  is  meant  by  the  "enact- 
ing clause"  of  a  legislative  bill  ?  —  Write  a  sentence  containing 
the  word  "enact."  Model:  "The  British  Parliament  cjiacted 
the  stamp-law  in  1765." 

(9.)  Combine  and  define  transact  +  ion. — What  derivative  from  "per- 
form "  is  a  .synonym  of  "  trausaction  "  ? 


THE   LATIN   ELEMENT.  25 

2.    ALIE'NUS,  another,  foreujn, 

Kadical :  alien-. 

1.  al'ien  :  from  alienus  by  dropping  the  termination  us.     Defini- 

tion :  a  foreigner,  one  owing  allegiance  to  another  comitry 
than  that  in  which  he  is  living. 

2.  aFienate  :  alien  -|-  ate  =  to  cause  something  to  be  transferred  to 

another  :  hence,  (1)  to  transfer  title  or  property  to  another ; 
(2)  to  estrange,  to  withdraw. 

3.  inal'ienable :  in  -|-  alien  +  able  =  that  may  not  be  given  to  an- 

other. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Combine  and  define  alien  +  age.  —  Can  an  alien  be  elected  President 
of  the  United  States  ?  [See  the  Constitution,  Article  IL  Sec.  I. 
Clause  5.]  —  What  is  the  word  which  expresses  the  process  by 
which  a  person  is  changed  froni  an  alien  to  a  citizen  ? 

(2.)  Combine  and  define  alienate  +  ion.  — Give  a  synonj^m  of  "alienate" 
in  its  second  sense.  Ans.  To  estrange-.  —  What  is  meant  by  say- 
ing tliat  "  the  oppressive  measures  of  the  British  government 
gradually  alienated  the  American  colonies  from  the  mother  coun- 
try "  ? 

(3.)  Quote  a  passage  from  the  Declaration  of  Independence  containing 
the  word  "  inalienable." 

3,    AMA'KE,  to  love;  AMI'CTTS,  a  friend. 

Radicals  :  am-  and  amic-. 

1.  a'miable  :  am(i)  +  able  =  fit  to  be  loved. 

Obs.  — The  Latin  adjective  is  amahilis,  from  which  the  English 
derivative  adjective  would  be  amable ;  but  it  has  taken  the 
form  am /able. 

2.  am'ity  :  am  -\-  ity  —  the  state  of  being  a  friend  :  hence,  friend- 

ship ;  good-will. 

3.  am'icable :    amic  +  able  =  disposed    to     be    a    friend  :    hence, 

friendly  ;  peaceable. 

4.  inim'ical :  through  Lat.  adj.  inimi'cus,  enemy  :  hence,  inimic(us) 

-h  al  =  inimical,  relating  to  an  enemy. 


26  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

5.  amateur' :  adopted  through  French  amateur,  from  Latia  amator, 
a  lover  :  hence,  one  who  cultivates  an  art  from  taste  or  attach- 
ment, without  pursuing  it  professionally, 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  word  is  a  synonym  of  "amiable"  ?  Ans.  Lovable.  — Show 
how  they  are  exact  synonyms.  —  Write  a  sentence  containing  the 
word  "amiable."  Model:  "The  amiable  qualities  of  Joseph 
Warren  caused  his  death  to  be  deeply  regretted  by  all  Americans." 
—  What  noun  can  you  form  from  "  amiable,"  meaning  the  quality 
of  being  amiable  ?  —  What  is  the  negative  of  "amiable"  ?  Ans. 
Unamiable. — The  contrary  ?     Aiis.  Halcfid. 

(2.)  Give  a  word  that  is  nearly  a  synonym  of  "amity."  Ans.  Friend- 
ship. —  State  the  distinction  between  these  words.  Ans.  "  Friend- 
ship" applies  more  particularly  to  individuals  ;  "amity"  to  socie- 
ties or  nations.  — Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "amity." 
Model:  "The  Plymouth  colonists  in  1621  made  a  treaty  of 
avxity  with  the  Indians."  —  What  is  the  opposite  of  "  amity  "  ? 

(3.)  Give  a  synonym  of  "amicable."  Ans.  Friendly.  —  Which  is  the 
stronger?  Ans.  Friendly. — Why?  Ans.  "Friendly"  implies 
a  positive  feeling  of  regard;  "amicable"  denotes  merely  the 
absence  of  discord.  —  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "ami- 
cable." Model:  "In  1871  commissioners  appointed  by  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  made  an  ainicable  settlement  of 
the  Alabama  difficulties." 

(4.)  What  is  the  noun  correspdftding  to  the  adjective  "  inimical"  ?  Ans. 
Fnemy. — Give  its  origin.  Ans.  It  comes  from  the  Latin  I'nzHu'- 
cus,  an  enemy,  through  the  French  ennemi. — -What  preposition 
does  "inimical"  take  after  it  ?  Ans.  The  preposition  to — thus, 
" r/«'wu'c«Z  to  health, "  "to  welfare,"  etc. 

[ij.)  What  is  meant  by  an  amateur  painter  ?  an  amateur  musician  ? 

4.    AN'IMUS,  mind,  passion ;  AN'IMA,  life. 
Radical :  anim-. 

1.  an'imal :  from  Lat.  n.  anivia  through  the  Latin  animal:  literally, 

something  having  life. 

2.  animal'cule :  animal -|-cuk'=r  a  minute  animal:  hence,  au  ani- 

mal that  can  be  seen  only  )jy  the  microscope. 


THE    LATIX    ELEMENT.  27 

3.  an'imate,  r.  :  anim  +  ate=:to  make  alive:  hence,  to  stimulate, 

or  infuse  courage. 

4.  animos'ity :  anim  -t  ose  +  ity  =  the  quality  of  being   (ity)  full 

of  (ose)  passion  :  hence,  violent  hatred. 

5.  unanim'ity  :   un  (from   unus,  one) -j- anim  +  ity  =:  the   state   of 

being  of  one  mind  :  hence,  agreement. 

6.  rean'imate :  re  -i-  anim  -|-  ate  =  to  make  alive  again  ;   hence,  to 

infuse  fresh  vigor. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  AV  rite  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "animal."  Model:  "  ]Mod- 
ern  science  has  not  yet  been  able  to  determine  satisfactorily  the 
distinction  between  an  animal  and  a  vegetable." 

(2.)  What  is  the  plural  of  "animalcule"?  Ans.  Aniiaalculcs  or  ani- 
vialcuhc.  —  AVrite  a  sentence  containing  this  word. 

(3.)  What  other  part  of  speech  than  a  verb  is  "animate"  ?  —  What  is 
the  negative  of  the  adjective  "  animate  ? "  Aiis.  Inanimate.  — De- 
fine it.  — Combine  and  define  animate  +  ion.  —  Explain  what  is 
meant  by  an  "animated  discussion." 

(4.)  Give  two  synonyms  of  "  animosity." 

(5.)  What  is  the  literal  meaning  of  "  unanimity"  ?  If  people  are  of  one 
mind,  is  not  this  "unanimity"  I — What  is  the  adjective  corre- 
sponding to  the  noun  "unanimity"  /  —  What  is  the  opjwsile  of 
"unanimity"?  —  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "una- 
nimity." 

(6.)  Compare  the  verbs  "  animate  "  and  "  reanimate,"  and  state  the  sig- 
nification of  each.  —  Has  "  reanimate  "  an}'  other  than  its  literal 
meaning  ?  —  Write  a  sentence  containing  this  word  in  its  figura- 
tive sense.  Model:  "The  inspiring  words  of  Lawrence,  'Don't 
give  up  the  ship  ! '  reaniniafed  the  courage  of  the  American  sail- 
ors." —  What  does  "  animated  conversation  "  mean  ? 

5.    AN'NUS,  a  year. 
Radical :  ann-. 

1.  an'nals:  from  annus,  through  Lat.  adj.  annalis,  pertaining  to  the 

year  :  hence,  a  record  of  things  done  from  year  to  year. 

2.  an'nual :  through  annuus  (annu-f-al),  relating  to  a  year  :  hence, 

yearly  or  performed  in  a  year. 


28  WORD-A.NALYSIS. 

3.  annu'ity :   through  Fr.  n.  annuite=a,  sum  of  money  payable 

yearly. 

4.  millen'nium  :  Lat.  n.  millennium  (from  annus  and  mille,  a  thou- 

sand), a  thousand  years. 

5.  peren'nial :  through  Lat.  adj.  jJerennis  (compounded  of  per  and 

amius),  throughout  the  j'ear  :  hence,  lasting  ;  perpetual. 

EXERCISE. 
(],)  Give  a  synonym  of  "annals."     Aiis.  History. — What  is  the  dis- 
tinction  between    "annals"  and    "history"?     Ans.   "Annals" 
denotes  a  mere  chronological  account  of  events  from  year  to  year  ; 
"history,"  in  addition  to  a  narrative  of  events,  incj^uires  into  the 
causes  of  events.  — Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  ' '  annals," 
or  explain  the  following  sentence  :   "  The  annals  of  the  Egyptians 
and  Hindoos  contain  many  incredible  statements." 
(2.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "annual." 
(4.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "millennium." 
(5.)  What  is  the  meaning  of  a  " i^erennial  plant"  in  botany  ?    Ans.  A 
plant  continuing  more  than  two  years.  —  Give  the  contrary  of 
"perennial."     Ans.  Fleeting,  short-lived. 

6.    ARS,  ar'tis,  a7-t,  skill. 

Radical :  art-. 

1.  art:  from  artis  by  dropping  the  termination  {5.     Definition: 

1.  evuming  —  thus,  an  animal  practices  art  in  escaping  from 
his  pursuers  ;  2.  skill  or  dexterity  —  thus,  a  man  may  be  said 
to  have  the  art  of  managing  his  business  ;  3.  a  system  of  rules 
or  a  profession  —  as  the  art  of  building  ;  4.  creative  genius 
as  seen  in  painting,  sculpture,  etc.,  which  are  called  the  "  fine 
arts." 

2.  art'ist :  art  +  ist  =  one  who  practices  an   art  :   hence,  a  person 

who  occupies  himself  with  one  of  the  fine  arts. 
Obs.  — A  painter  is  called  an  artist  ;  but  a  blacksmith  could  not 
properly  be  so  called.  The  French  word  artiste  is  sometimes 
used  to  denote  one  who  has  great  skill  in  some  profession, 
even  if  it  is  not  one  of  the  fine  arts  :  thus  a  great  genius  in 
cookery  might  be  called  an  artiste. 


THE    LATIN    ELE.MENT.  29 

3.  ar'tisan:  through   Fr.  n.  artisan,  one   who   practices  an  art: 

hence,  one  who  practices  one  of  the  mechanic  arts  ;  a  work- 
man, or  operative. 

4.  art'ful :  art +  ful  =  full  of  art  :  hence,  craft v,  cunning. 

5.  art'less :  art -f- less  =  without   art:    hence,   free    from   cunning, 

simple,  ingenuous. 

6.  ar'tifice  :  through  Lat.  n.  artificium,  something  made  {fa'cere,  to 

make)  by  art  :  hence,  an  artful  contrivance  or  stratagem. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  AVhat  is  the  particular  meaning  of  "art"  in  the  sentence  from 
Shakespeare,  "There  is  no  art  to  read  the  mind's  construction  in 
the  face  "  ? 

(2.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "artist."  —  Would  it  be 
proper  to  call  a  famous  hair-dresser  an  artist  ? —  What  might  he 
be  called  ?  —  Combine  and  define  artist  +  ic  +  al  +  ly.  —  What  is  the 
negative  of  "artistic  "  ? 

(3.)  What  is  the  distinction  between  an  " artist  "  and  an  "artisan "  ? 

(5.)  Give  a  synonym  of  "artless."  Ans.  Ingenuous,  natural. — Give 
the  opposite  of  "artless."  Ans.  Wily.  —  Combine  and  define 
artless  +  ly  ;  artless +  ness. 

(6.)  Give  a  synonym  of  "artifice."  —  Combine  artifice -l-er.  —  Does  "  ar- 
tificer "  mean  one  who  practices  artifice  ?  —  Write  a  sentence  con- 
taining this  word.  — Combine  and  define  artifice  +  ial ;  artifice +  al 
+  ity.     Give  the  opposite  of  "artificial." 

7.    AUDl'RE:   au'clio,  audi'tiim,  to  hear. 

Radicals  :  audi-,  and  audit-. 

1.  au'dible:  audi  +  hie  =  that  may  be  heard. 

2.  au'dience :   audi  -f-  ence  =  literally,   the    condition    of  hearing  : 

hence,  an  assemblage  of  hearers,  an  auditory. 

3.  au'dit :  from  audit{um)  =  to  hear  a  statement  :  hence,  to  exam- 

ine accounts. 

4.  au'ditor :  audit  +  or  =  one  who  hears,  a  hearer. 

Oi5S.  —  This  word  has  a  secondary  meaning,  namely :  an  oflacer 
who  e.\amines  accounts. 


30  WORD-ANALYSIS, 

5.  obe'dient :  through,  obcdiens,  obedient{is),  the  present  participle 
of  obedire  (compounded  of  ob,  towards,  and  audire) :  literally, 
giving  ear  to  :  hence,  complying  with  the  wishes  of  another. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  "Audible"  means  that  can  be  heard  :  what  prefix  would  you  affix 
to  it  to  form  a  word  denoting  what  can  not  be  heard  ?  —  What  is 
the  adverb  from  the  adjective  "audible"?  —  Write  a  sentence 
containing  this  word. 

(2.)  What  is  meant  when  you  read  in  history  of  a  king's  giving  audience  ? 

(3.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "audit."  Model — "The 
committee  which  had  to  audit  the  accounts  of  Arnold  discovered 
great  frauds."  —  How  do  you  spell  the  past  tense  of  "audit  "  ?  — 
Why  is  the  t  not  doubled  ? 

(5.)  What  is  the  nomi  corresponding  to  the  adjective  "obedient"?  — 
What  is  the  verb  corresponding  to  these  words  ?  —  Combine  and 
define  dis  +  obedient. 


8.    CA'PUT,  cap'itis,  ihe  head. 

Radical :  capit-. 

1.  cap'ital,  ff.  and  n.  :   capit  +  al  =  relating  to   the  head:   hence, 

chief,  principal,  first  in  importance.  Definition  :  as  an  ad- 
jective it  means,  (1)  principal  ;  (2)  great,  important ;  (3)  pun- 
ishable with  death  ;  —  as  a  noun  it  means,  (1)  the  metropolis 
or  seat  of  government  ;  (2)  stock  in  trade. 

2.  capita'tion  :    capit  +  ate +ion  =  the  act  of  causing  heads  to  bo 

counted  :  hence,  (1)  a  numbering  of  persons  ;  (2)  a  tax  upon 
each  head  or  person. 

3.  decap'itate  :  de  -l-  capit  +  ate  =  to  cause  the  head  to  be  taken 

off  ;  to  l)eheail. 

4.  prec'ipice :  through  Lat.  n.  pnecipitium  :  literally,  a  headlong 

descent. 

5.  precip'itate  :   h-om  Ijtxt.  mV].  prcec.ipit{is),h(iaA  foTemost     Defi- 

nition :  (1)  (as  a  verb)  to  throw  headlong,  to  press  with  eager- 
ness, to  hasten  ;   (2)  {as  an  adjective)  headlong,  hasty. 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  31 

EXERCISE. 

(L)  "Write  a.  sentence  containing  "capital"  as  an  adjective. — "Write  a 
sentence  containing  this  word  as  a  noun,  in  the  sense  of  citt/.  — 
Write  a  .sentence  containing  "capital  "  in  the  sense  of  sloc/c.  —  Is 
the  capital  of  a  state  or  country  necessarily  the  metropolis  or  chief 
city  of  that  state  or  country  ? — ■  What  is  the  capital  of  New  York 
State  ?  —  What  is  the  inctropolis  of  New  York  State  ? 

(3.)  Combine  and  define  decapitate  +  ion.  —  Caii  you  n^me  an  English 
]s.ii\g  who  was  decu2}itated  ;^ — Can  you  name  a  French  king  wlio 
was  clccajiitated  ? 

(4.)  AVhat  is  tlie  meaning  of  "precipice"  in  the  line,  "Swift  down  the 
2)recipicc  of  time  it  goes  "  ? 

(5.)  Combine  and  define  ])recipitate  +  ly. — Write  a  sentence  containing 
the  adjective  "precipitate."  Model:  "  Fabius,  the  Roman  gen- 
eral, is  noted  for  never  having  made  any  precipitate  movements." 

—  Explain  the  meaning  of  the  verb  "precipitate  "  in  the  following 
sentences:  "At  the  battle  of  Waterloo  Wellington  precipitated 
the  conflict,  because  he  knew  Napoleon's  army  was  divided "  ; 
"The  Eonians  were  wont  io  precipitate  criminals  from  the  Tar- 
peian  rock." 

9.    CI'TIS,  a  citizen, 

Railical  :  civ-. 

1.  civ'ic  :  civ  +  ic  =  relating  to  a  citizen  or  to  the  affairs  or  honors 

of  a  city. 

Obs.  —  The  "civic  crown  "  in  Roman  times  was  a  gailand  of  oak- 
leaves  and  acorns  bestowed  on  a  soldier  who  had  saved  the 
life  of  a  citizen  in  battle. 

2.  civ'il :    Lat.  adj.  civilis,  meaning:   (1)  belonging  to  a  citizen; 

(2)  of  the  state,  political  ;  (3)  polite. 

3.  civ'ilize :  civil     ize  =  to  make  a  savage  people  into  a  comnui- 

nity  having  a  government,  or  political  organization  :  hence,  to 
reclaim  from  a  barharous  state. 

4.  civiliza'tion  :    civil  +  ize  +  ate  +  ion  =  the  state  of  being  civil- 

ized. 

5.  civilian  :  civil  -|-  (i)an  —  one  whose  i^ursuits  are  those  of  civil  life 

—  not  a  soldier. 


32  AVOllD-ANALYSIS, 

EXERCISE. 

(2.)  "What  is  the  ordinary  signilifation  of  "civil  "  ?  —  Give  asj^nonym  of 
tliis  word.  —  Is  there  any  difl'ereiice  between  "civil"  and  "po- 
lite "  ?  Ans.  "  Polite  "  expresses  more  than  "  civil,"  for  it  is  pos- 
sible to  be  "civil"  without  being  "polite."  —  What  word  would 
denote  the  opposite  of  "civil"  in  the  sense  of  "polite  "  ?  —  Com- 
bine and  define  civil-l-ity.  — Do  you  say  Jtucivility  or  mcivility, 
to  denote  the  negative  of  "  civility  "  ? —  Give  a  synonym  of  "  un- 
civil."    Ans.  Buorish. — Give  another  synonym. 

(3.)  "Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "  civilize."  —  Give  a  participial 
adjective  from  this  word.  —  What  compound  Avord  expresses  half 
civilized  ?  —  What  word  denotes  a  state  of  society  between  savage 
and  civilized  ? 

(4.)  Give  two  synonj'ms  of  "  civilization."  Ans.  Culture,  refinement. — 
What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  "  civilization  "  in  the  .sentence  : 
"  The  ancient  Hindoos  and  Egyptians  had  attained  a  considerable 
degree  oi civilization"  ?  —  Compose  a  sentence  of  your  own,  using 
this  word. 

10.    COR,  cor'dis,  the  heart. 

Radical :  cord-. 

1.  core  :  from  cor  =  the  heart  :  hence,  the  inner  part  of  a  tiling. 

2.  cor'dial,  a.  :  cord  +  (i)al  =  having  the  f|uality  of  the  heart  :  hence, 

hearty,  sincere.  The  noun  "  cordial  "  means  literally  some- 
thing having  the  (juality  of  acting  on  the  heart :  hence,  a  stimu- 
lating medicine,  and  in  a  figurative  sense,  something  cheering. 

3.  con'cord  :    con  -f  cord  —  heart  with  {con)   heart  :   hence,  unity 

of  sentiment,  harmony. 

Obs.  —  Cuncord  in  nmsie  is  harmony  of  sound. 

4.  dis'cord  :  dis  +  cord  =  heart  apart  from  {dis)  heart  :  hence,  dis- 

agreement, want  of  harmony. 

5.  record' :  through  Lat.  v.  recordari,  to  reniemher  (literally,  to  get 

by  licart)  :  hence,  to  register. 
G.    courtage:  through  Fr.  n.  courage:   literally,  heartiness:  hence, 
bravery,  intrepidity. 
Ous.  —  The  heart  is  accounted  the  seat  of  bravery  :  hence,  the 
derivative  sense  of  courage. 


THE   LATIN    ELEMEXT.  33 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  "  The  quince  was  rotten  at  the  core"  ;  "The  preacher  touched  the 
core  of  the  subject  "  :  in  whicli  of  these  sentences  is  "  core  "  used 
in  its  literal,  in  which  in  iia  figurative,  sense  ? 

(2.)  "What  is  the  Anglo-Saxon  synonym  of  the  adjective  "cordial"?  — 
Would  you  say  a  "■cordial  laugh  "  or  a  '^hearty  laugh  "  ? — What  is 
the  opposite  of  "cordial"?  —  Combine  and  deiine  cordial  4- ly: 
cordial  +  ity. — Write  a  sentence  containing  the  noun  "cordial" 
in  its  figurative  sense.  Model:  "Washington's  victory  at 
Trenton  was  like  a  cordial  to  the  flagging  spirits  of  the  American 
army." 

(3.)  Give  a  synonym  of  "concord."  Ans.  Accord.  —  Sup])ly  the  proper 
word:  "In  your  view  of  this  matter,  I  am  in  {accord'  ov  con- 
cord ?)  with  you."    "  There  should  be among  friends."    "The 

man  who  is  not  moved  by of  sweet  sounds." 

(4.)  What  is  the  connection  in  meaning  between  "discord"  in  mu.sic 
and  among  brethren?  —  Give  a  synonym  of  this  word.  Ans. 
Strife.  —  State  the  distinction.  Ans.  'Strife"  is  the  stronger: 
where  there  is  "strife"  there  nuist  be  "discord,"  but  there  maj' 
he  "discord"  without  "strife"  ;  "discord  "  consists  most  in  the 
feeling,  "  strife  "  in  the  outward  action. 

(5.)  AVhat  part  of  speech  is  "  record'  "  ? —  When  the  accent  is  placed  on 
the  first  syllable  (rec'ord)  what  part  of  speech  does  it  become  ?  — 
Combine  and  define  record +er  ;  un  + record +  ed. 

(6.)  "  Courage  "  is  the  same  as  having  a  stout what  ?  —  Give  a  syn- 
onym. Ans.  Fortitude. — State  the  distinction.  Ans.  "Cour- 
age "  enables  us  to  meet  danger ;  "  fortitude  "  gives  us  strength  to 
endure  pain.  — Would  you  say  "the  Indian  shows  courage  when 
he  endures  torment  without  Hinching  "  ?  —  Would  you  say  "The 
three  hundred  under  Leonidas  displayed /o)-<i<»(:/c  in  opposing  the 
entire  Persian  armj'  "  ?  —  What  is  the  contrary  of  "courage  "  ?  — 
Combine  and  define  courage  -I-  ous  ;  courage  +  ous  4- 1}'. 

11,     COR'PUS,  cor'poris,  the  body. 

Radical  :  corpor-. 

1.   cor'poral :  corpor  +  al  =  relating  to  the  body. 

Oes.  — The  noun  "corporal,"  meaning  a  pott}'  officer,  is  not  de- 
rived from  corpus :  it  comes  from  the  French  caporal,  of 
wliich  it  is  a  corruption. 


34  ,         WOIID-ANALYSIS. 

2.  cor'porate  :    corpor  +  ate  =  made   into  a  body  :   hence,  united 

into  a  body  or  corporation. 

3.  incor'porate  :  in  +  corpor  +  ate  =  to  make  into  a  body  :  hence, 

(1)  to  form  into  a  legal  body  ;  (2)  to  unite  one  substance  with 
another. 

4.  corpora'tion  :  corpor  +  ate  +  ion  =  that  which  is   made   into  a 

body  :  hence,  a  body  politic,  authorized  by  law  to  act  as  one 
person. 

5.  cor'pulent :  through  Lat.  adj.  corpulentus,  fleshy  :  hence,  stout 

in  body,  fleshy. 

6.  cor'puscle  :  corpus  +  cle  =  a  diminutive  body  ;  hence,  a  minute 

particle  of  matter. 

7.  corps  :   [pronounced  core]  through  Fr.  n.  corps,  a  body.     Defi- 

nition :  (1)  a  body  of  troops  ;  (2)  a  body  of  individuals  en- 
gaged in  some  one  pi-ofession. 

8.  corpse  :  through  Fr.  n.  corps,  the  body  ;  that  is,  only  the  body  — 

the  spirit  being  departed  :  hence,  the  dead  body  of  a  human 
being. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Give  two  synonyms  of  "corporal."  Aiis.  Corporeal  and  hodily. — - 
What  is  the  distinction  between  "corporal"  and  "corporeal"? 
Ans.  "Corporal"  means  pertaining  to  the  body;  "corporeal" 
signifies  material,  as  op2)osed  to  spiritual.  —  "Would  you  say  a 
corporal  or  a  corporeal  substance  ?  corporal  or  corporeal  punish- 
ment ?     Would  you  say  corporal  strength  or  hodily  strength  ? 

(3.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  verb  "incorporate"  u\\t^  first  sense. 
Model:  "The  London  company  which  settled  Virginia  was  in- 
corporated in  1606,  and  received  a  charter  from  King  James  I." 

(4.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "corporation."  [Find  out  by 
what  corporation  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  was  settled,  and  write 
a  sentence  about  that.] 

(5.)  What  noun  is  there  corresponding  to  the  adjective  "corpulent  "  and" 
synonymous  with  "  stoutness  "?  — Give  two  synonyms  of  "  cor- 
pulent."    Ans.  Stout,  ^Ms/ly.  —  What  is  the  distinction?    Ans. 
"  Corpulent"  means  fat  ;  "stout  "  and  "  lusty  "  denote  a  strong 
frame. 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.     •  35 

(6.)  "What  is  meant  by  an  "  army  corps  "  ?  Ans.  A  body  of  from  twenty 
to  forty  thousand  soldiers,  forming  several  brigades  and  divisions. 
How  is  the  ])lural  of  corps  spelled  ?  Ans.  Corps.  How  pro- 
nounced ?  Ans.  Cores.  —  What  is  meant  by  the  "diplomatic 
corps  "  ? 

(8.)  AVhat  other  form  of  the  word  "  corpse  "  is  used?  Ans.  The  form 
corse  is  sometimes  used  in  poetry  ;  as  in  the  poeta  on  the  Burial 
of  Sir  John  Moore  : 

■■  Not  a  drum  was  heard,  not  a  funeral  note. 
As  his  corse  to  the  ramparts  we  hurried." 

12.    CRED'ERE:    cre'do,  cred'itum,  to  believe. 

Radicals  :  cred-  and  credit-. 

1.  creed  :  from  the  word  credo,  "  I  believe,"  at  the  beginning  of  the 

Apostles'  Creed  :  Lence,  a  summary  of  Christian  belief. 

2.  cred'ible  :    cred  +  ibie  =  that  may  be  believed  :   hence,  worthy 

of  belief. 

3.  cred'it :  from  credit(um)  =  belief,  trust  :  hence,  (1)  faith  ;  (2) 

reputation  ;  (3)  trust  given  or  received. 

4.  cred'ulous :  through  the  Lat.  adj.  credulus,  easy  of  belief  :  credul 

+  oils  =  abounding  in  belief  :  hence,  believing  easily. 
6. :  discred'it :  dis  +  credit  =:  to  rfzsbelieve. 

EXERCISE. 

(2.)  "Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "credible."  Model: 
"  "When  the  King  of  Siam  was  told  that  in  Europe  the  water  at 
certain  seasons  could  be  walked  on,  he  declared  that  the  statement 
was  not  credible."  —  What  single  word  will  express  not  credible  ? 
—  Combine  and  define  credible  +  ity.  —  Give  a  synonym  of  "  credi- 
ble." Ans.  Trustworthy.  —  State  the  distinction.  Ans.  "Credi- 
ble" is  generally  applied  to  things,  as  ^^  credible  testimony"; 
"trustworthy"  to  persons,  as  "  a  Irusticorthy  witness," 

(3.)  What  is  the  meaning  of  credit  in  the  passage, 
"John  Gilpin  was  a  citizen 
Ot  credit  and  renown  "  ? 

Give  a  synonym  of  this  word.     Ans.    Trust.  —  What  is  the  dis- 
tinction ?     Ans.   "  Trust "  looks  forward  ;  "credit "  looks  back  — 


36  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

we  credit  what  has  happened  ;  we  Irust  what  is  to  happen.  — 
What  other  part  of  speech  than  a  noun  is  "credit  "  ?  —  Combine 
and  define  credit  +  ed.  —  Why  is  the  t  not  doubled  ? 
(4.)  AVhat  is  the  meaning  of  "  credulous  "  in  the  passage, 
"  So  glistened  the  dire  snake,  and  into  fraud 
Led  Eve,  our  credulous  mother  "?—  MiLTO>f. 

What  noun  corresponding  to  the  adjective  "  credulous  "  will  ex- 
press the  quality  of  believing  too  easily  ?  —  What  is  the  negative 
of  "  credulous  "  ?  — What  is  the  distinction  between  "  incredible  " 
and  "  incredulous  "  ?  —  Which  applies  to  persons  ?  which  to  things  ? 
(5.)  To  what  two  parts  of  speech  does  "discredit"  belong?  —  Write  a 
sentence  containing  this  word  as  a  noun  j  another  as  a  verb. 


13.    CUR'RERE  :   cur'ro,  cur'siim,  to  run. 

Radicals  used  :  curr-  and  curs-. 

1.  cur'rent,  «. :  cnrr  + ent  =  running  :  hence,  (1)  passing  from  per- 

son to  person,  as  a  "■current  report"  ;  (2)  now  in  progress,  as 
the  "  current  month." 

2.  cur'rency:  curr -|- ency  =  the  state   of  passing  from   person  to 

person,  as  "  the  report  obtained  currency  "  :  hence  circulation. 
Obs.  — As  applied  to  money,  it  means  that  it  is  in  circulation 
or  passing  from  hand  to  hand,  as  a  representative  of  value. 

3.  cur'sory  :  curs+  ory  =  vmming  or  passing :  hence,  hasty. 

4.  excur'sion:  ex -|- curs  +  ion  =  the   act   of  running  out:   hence, 

an  expedition  or  jaunt. 
T).   incur'sion:  in  +  curs -l- ion  =  the  act  of  running  in  :  hence,  an 

invasion. 
().    precur'sor:    pre  +  curs -|- or  =:  one  who   runs   before:    hence  a 

forerunner. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  other  part  of  speech  than  an  adjective  is  "current"  ?  — What 
is  now  the  current  year  ? 

(2.)  WHiy  are  there  two  r's  in  "currency  "  ?  Ans.  Because  there  are  two 
in  the  root  currere.  —  Give  a  synonym  of  this  word  in  the  sense  of 
"money."     Ans.  The    "circululing  medium." — What   was  the 


THE    LATIN    ELEMENT.  o7 

"  currency  "  of  the  Indians  in  early  times  ?  —  Compose  a  sentence 
nsing  this  word. 

(3.)  "When  a  speaker  says  that  he  will  cast  a  "  cursory  glance  "  at  a  sub- 
ject, what  does  he  mean  ?  —  Combine  and  define  cursory  +  ly. 

(4.)  Is  "  excursion "  usually  employed  to  denote  an  expedition  in  a 
friendly  or  a  hostile  sense  ? 

(5.)  Is  "incursion"  usually  employed  to  denote  an  expedition  in  a 
fiiendly  or  a  hostile  sense  ?  —  Give  a  synonym.  Ans.  Invasion. 
—  "Which  implies  a  hasty  expedition  ?  —  Compose  a  sentence  con- 
taining the  word  incursion.  Model  :  "  The  Parthians  were  long 
famed  for  their  rapid  incursions  into  the  territory  of  their  enemies. " 

(6.)  "What  is  meant  by  saying  that  John  the  Baptist  was  the  j)recursor 
of  Christ  ?  —  "What  is  meant  by  saying  that  black  clouds  are  the 
precursor  »S  a  storm  ? 

14.    DIG'NUS,  worthy. 

Radical :  dign-. 

1.  dig'nify :  dign  +  (f)fy  —  to  make  of  worth  :  hence,  to  advance  to 

honor. 

2.  dig'nity:  dign +  ity  =  the  state  of  being  of  worth  :  hence,  be- 

havior fitted  to  inspire  respect. 

3.  indig'nity:  in  +  dign  +  ity  =  the  act  of  treating  a  person  in  an 

unworthy  (indignns)  manner  :  hence,  insult,  contumely. 

4.  condign' :    con  +  dign  =  very    M'orthy  :     hence,    merited-,    de- 

served. 

Obs.  —  The  prefix  con  is  here  mereh'  intensive. 

EXEKCISE. 

(1.)  "What  participial  adjective  is  formed  from  the  verb  "dignify"? 
Atis.  Dignified. — Give  a  stronger  word.  Ans.  Majestic. — Give 
a  word  which  denotes  the  same  thing  carried  to  excess  and  becom- 
ing riiliculous.     Ans.   Pompous. 

(2.)  Can  you  mention  a  character  in  American  history  remarkable  for  the 
dignity  of  his  behavior  ?  —  Compose  a  sentence  containing  this 
word. 

(3.)  Giyef'lne  plural  of  "indignity."  — "What  is  meant  by  saying  that 
"indignities  were  heaped  on  "  a  person  ? 


38  WORD-AXALYSIS. 

(4.)  How  is  the  word  "  condign  "  now  most  frequently  employed  ?  jins. 
In  connection  ^\^tll  punishment:  thus  we  speak  of  "condign  pun- 
ishment," meaning  richly  dsserred  punishment. 

15.    DOCE'RE:   do'ceo,  tloc'tiim,  to  teach. 

Radicals  :  doc-  and  doct-. 

1.  doc'ile  :  doc  +  ile  =  that  may  be  taught :  hence,  teachable. 

2.  doc'tor :  doct  +  or  =  one   who    teaches  :    hence,   one    who  has 

taken  the  highest  degree  in  a  university  authorizing  him  to 
practice  and  teach. 
4.   doc'trine  :  through  Lat.  n.  doctrina,  something  taught ;  hence, 
a  principle  taught  as  part  of  a  system  of  belief. 

EXERCISE, 

(1.)  Combine  and  define  docile -fity.  —Give  the  opposite  of  "docile." 
Ans.  Indocile.  —  Mention  an  animal  that  is  very  docile.  —  Men- 
tion one  remarkable  for  its  want  of  docility. 

(2.)  AVhat  is  meant  by  "Doctor  of  Medicine"  ?  —  Give  the  abbreviation. 
—  What  does  LL.  D.  mean  ?  Ans.  It  stands  for  the  words  Icgum 
doctor,  doctor  of  laws  :  the  double  L  marks  the  plural  of  the  Latin 
noun. 

(3.)  Give  two  synonyms  of  "doctrine."  Ans.  Precept,  tenet. — WHiat 
does  "tenet"  literally  mean?  Ana.  Something  held  —  from  Lat. 
*  V.  tenere,  to  hold.  —  Combine  and  defme  doctrine  +  al. 

16.  DOM'INUS,  a,  master  or  lord. 

Radical :  domin-. 

L  domin'ion  :  domin  +  ion  =  the  act  of  exercising  mastery :  hence, 
(1)  rule  ;  (2)  a  territory  ruled  over. 

2.  dom'inant :    domin  +  ant  =  relating    to   lordship   or  mastery: 

hence,  prevailing. 

3.  domineer':  through  Fr.  v.  dnminer;  literally,  to  "  ZonZ  it"  over 

one  :   licnce,  to  rule  with  insolence. 

4.  predom'inate  :  pre  +  domin  +  ate  =  to  cause  one  to  be  master 

before  another  :  hence,  to  be  supeiior,  to  rule. 


THE    LATIN    ELEMP^NT.  39 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  "What  is  meant  by  saying  that  "in  1776  the  United  Colonies  threw 
off  the  dominion,  of  Great  Britain  "  ? 

(2.)  What  is  meant  by  the  "  dominant  party"  ?  a  "  dominant  race"  ? 

(3.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "domineer."  Model: 
"The  bhistering  tyrant,  Sir  Ednnuid  Andros,  domineered  for  sev- 
eral years  over  the  New  England  colonies  ;  but  his  misrule  came 
to  an  end  in  1688  with  the  accession  of  King  AVilliam." 

(4.)  "  The  Republicans  at  \)r?se.\\t  2'>'>'edo'iaincde  in  Mexico":  what  does 
this  mean  ? 

17.  FI'NIS,  an  end  or  limit. 

Radical  :  fin-. 

1.  fl'nite :    fin -f  ite  =  having  the  quality  of    coming  to   an  end: 

hence,  limited  in  quantity  or  degree. 

2.  fln'ish  :  through  Fr.  v.  finir;  literally,  to  bring  to  an  end  :  hence, 

to  complete. 

3.  infin'ity  :  in  +  fin  +  ity  =  the  state  of  having  no  limit  :  hence, 

unlimited  extent  of  time,  space,  or  quantity. 

4.  define' :  through  Fr.  v.  definer ;  literally,  to  bring  a  thing  down 

to  its  limits  :  hence,  to  determine  with  precision. 

5.  confine' :  con  +  fine  ;  literally,  to  bring  within  limits  or  bounds  : 

hence,  to  restrain. 

6.  affin'ity  :  af  (a  form  of  prefix  ad)  +  fin  +  ity  =  close  agreement. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  "What  is  meant  by  saying  that  "  the  human  faculties  are  finite  "  ?  — 
What  is  the  opposite  of  "finite"? — Give  a  synonym.  Ans. 
Liviited.  —  What  participial  adjective  is  formed  from  the  verb  to 
"  finish"  ?  —  What  is  meant  by  a  ''finished  gentleman  "  ? 

(3.)  Give  a  synonym  of  "infinitj'."  Ans.  Boundlessness. — "The  micro- 
scope reveals  the  fact  that  each  drop  of  water  contains  an  infinity 
of  animalculiB. "  What  is  the  sense  of  infinity  as  used  in  tliis 
sentence  ? 

(4.)  Combine  define  +  ite  ;  in  +  define +  ite. — Analyze  the  word  "defini- 
tion." —  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "  define." 


40  WOKD-ANALYSIS. 

(5.)  Combine  and  define  confine +  ment. — What  other  part  of  speech 
than  a  verb  i.s  "confine"?  A^is.  A  noun.  —  Write  a  sentence 
containing  tlie  word  "  conlines." 

(6.)  Find  in  the  dictionaiy  the  meaning  of  "chemical  affmity."    - 


18.    FLU'ERE:  flu'o,  flux'um,  <o/low. 

Radicals  :  flu-  and  flux-. 

1.  flux  :  from  fluxu7?i  =  a  flowing. 

2.  flu'ent:    flu  +  ent  =  having  the    quality  of  flowing.     Used  in 

reference  to  language  it  means  flowinrj  speech  :  hence,  voluble. 

3.  flu'icl,  n.  :  flu  +  id  —  Howiiif/  :  hence,  anything  that  flows. 

4.  flu'ency :    flu  +  ency  =  state    of    flowing   (in   reference   to  lan- 

guage). 

5.  affluence:  af  (form  of  «//)  +  flu  +  ence  =  a  flowing  to:   hence, 

an  abundant  supply,  as  of  thought,  words,  money,  etc. 

6.  con'fluence:    con  + flu  +  ence  =  a  flowing  together:  hence,  (I) 

the  flowing  together  of  two  or  more  streams  ;  (2)  an  assem- 
blage, a  union. 

7.  in'flux  :  in  +  flux  =  a  flowing  in  or  into. 

8.  super'fluous:    super -f  flu  +  ous  =  having   the   quality  of  over- 

flowing :  hence,  needless,  excessive. 

EXERCISE. 

(2.)  What  is  meant  by  a  "fluent"  speaker?  —  "\\niat  word  woidd  de- 
note a  speaker  who  is  the  reverse  of  "fluent"? 

(3.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "fluid." 

(4.)  What  is  meant  by  "  fluency  "  of  style  ? 

{:>.)  What  is  the  ordinary  use  of  the  word  "affluence"  ?  An  "affluence 
of  ideas,"  means  what  ? 

(6.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  tlie  word  "confluence."  Model: 
"  New  York  City  stands  at  tlie of  two  streams." 

(8.)  Mention  a  noun  coi'resi)onding  to  the  adjective  "superfluous."  — 
Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "superfluous."  —  What 
is  its  ojiposite  ?     Ans.  Scanty,  meager. 


THE    LATIN    ELEMENT,  41 

19.    GREX,  gre'gis,  a  flock  or  herd. 

Radical :  greg-. 

1.  ag'gregate,  v.  :  ag  (for  ad)  +  greg  +  ate  =  to  cause  to  be  brought 

into  a  tlock  :  hence,  to  gather,  to  assemble. 

2.  egre'gious  :  e  +  greg+  (i)ous,  through  Lat.  adj.  ec/re'f/ius,  chosen 

Ironi  the  herd  :  hence,  remarkable. 
Obs.  —  Its  present  use  is  in  association  with  in^erio^it3^ 

3.  con'gregate  :  con  +  greg  +  ate  —  to  perform  the  act  of  flocking 

together  :  hence,  to  assemble. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  other  part  of  speech  than  a  verb  is  "  aggregate  "  ?  —  Why  is 
this  word  spelled  with  a  double  ij  ? 

(2.)  Combhie  and  define  egregious  +  ly.  —What  does  an  "  egrecjious  blun- 
der "  mean  ?— Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "egre- 
gious." 

(3.)  Why  is  it  incorrect  to  speak  of  congregating  together  i  —  Combine 
and  define  congregate  +  ion. 

20.  I'KE:  e'o,  i'tum,  to  go. 

Radical  :  it-. 

1.  ambi'tion:   amb  (around)  +  it  +  ion  =  the  act  of  going  around. 

Definition  :  an  eager  desire  for  superiority  or  power. 

Obs.  — This  meaning  arose  from  the  habit  of  candidates  for  office 
in  Rome  (joing  around  to  solicit  votes  :  hence,  aspiration  for 
office,  and  finally,  aspiration  in  general. 

2.  ini'tial,  a. :  in  +  it  4-  (i)al  =  pertaining  to   the   i?igoing  :   hence, 

marking  the  commencement. 

3.  ini'tiate  :   in  +  it-t- (i)ater=  to   cause   one  to   go  in:   hence,  to 

introduce,  to  commence. 

4.  sedi'tion  :  sed  (asM/e)-f- it  +  ion  =  the  act  of  going  aside;  that 

is,  going  to  a  separate  and  insurrectionary  party. 

5.  transmit:    trans -l- it  =  a  passing  across:    hence,  (1)  the   apt  of 

passing  ;  (2)  the  line  of  passage  ;  (3)  a  term  in  astronomy. 

6.  tran'sitory  :    trans  +  it  -f  ory  —  passiw^     over  ;     hence,     brief, 

fleetin" 


42  "WORD-AXALYSIP. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "ambition."  Model: 
"  Na])oleon'.s  ambition  was  his  own  greatness  ;  Washington's,  the 
greatness  of  his  country." — What  is  meant  by  "  military  ambi- 
tion "  ?  "political  ambition"?  "literary  ambition"?  —  What 
adjective  means ^jos.scssf/if/ ajn6i7/o?i  .?— Combine  and  define  iin + 
ambitious. 

(2.)  What  is  the  opposite  of  "  initial  "  ?  Ans.  Final,  closing. — What 
part  of  speech  is  "  initial  "  besides  an  adjective  ?  —  What  is  meant 
by  "  initials  "  ? 

(3.)  AVhat  is  meant  by  saying  that  "  the  campaign  of  1775  was  initiated 
by  an  attack  on  the  British  in  Boston  "  ?  —  Give  the  ojiposite  of 
"initiate"  in  the  sense  of  "commence." 

(4.)  Give  a  synonym  of  "  sedition."  Ans.  Insurrection.  —  Give  another. 
—  Compose  a  sentence  containing  this  word. 

(5.)  Explain  what  is  meant  by  goods  "in  transit."  —  Explain  what  is 
meant  by  the  "Nicaragua  transit." — When  you  speak  of  the 
"■transit  of  Venus,"  you  are  using  a  term  in  what  science  ? 

(6.)  Give  a  synonym  of  "transitory."  —  Give  its  opposite.  Ans.  Per- 
manent, abiding. 

*  21.    liA'PIS,  lap'idis,  a  stone. 

Radical  :  lapid-. 

1 .  lap'idary  :    lapid  +  ary  =  one  who  works  in  stone  :  hence,  one 

■\\ho  cuts,  polishes,  and  engraves  precious  stones. 

2.  dilap'idated  :  di  +  lapid  +  ate  +  ed  =  put  into  the  condition  of 

a  building  in  which  the  stones  are  falling  ajiart  :  hence,  fallen 
into  ruin,  decayed. 

3.  dilapida'tion  :  di  +  lapid  +  ate  +  ion  =  the  state  (of  a  building) 

in   which   the  stones   are   falling   apart  :   hence,   demolition, 
decay. 

EXERCISE. 

Use  the  word  "lapidary"  in  a  sentence.  Model  :  "When  Queen  Vic- 
toria wanted  the  Koh-i-noor  to  be  recut,  she  sent  it  to  a  famous 
lapidary  in  Holland." 

(2.)  Write  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "dilapidated."  Model: 
"At   Newport,   Kbode   Island,    there    stands  a  dilapidated   mill, 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  43 

which  some  ^\Titers  have  foolishly  hclievecl  lobe  a  tower  huilt  hy 
Norsemen  in  the  twelfth  century."  —  If  we  should  speak  of  a  "  cU- 
lapidalcd  fortune,"  would  the  word  be  used  in  its  literal  meaning 
or  in  a  figurative  sense  ? 
(3.)  Give  two  synonyms  of  "  dilapidation."     Ans.    Ruin,  decay. 

22.    LEX,  le'gis,  a  law  or  rule. 

Radical :  leg-. 

1.  le'gal :  leg  +  al  =  relating  to  the  law  ;  lawful. 

2.  ille'gal :  il  (for  in,  not)  +  leg  -|-  al  =  not  legal  :  hence,  unlawful. 

3.  leg'islate  :  from  leyis  +  latum  (from  Lat.  v.fer're,  latum,  to  bring), 

to  bring  forward  :  hence,  to  make  or  pass  laws. 

4.  legitimate:  through  hat.  adj.  legitim)is,  lawful;  legitim  (us)4- 

ate  =  made  lawful  :  hence,  in  accordance  with  established  law. 

5.  priv'ilege :  Lat.  adj.  privus,  private  ;  literally,  a  law  passed  for 

the  benefit  of  a  private  individual  :  hence,  a  franchise,  pre- 
rogative, or  right. 

.  EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Point  out  the  different  senses  of  "  legal "  in  the  two  expressions, 
"the  Icrjal  profession"  and  "a  legal  right."  —  Combine  and  de- 
fine legal -l-ize. 

(2.)  Givcan  Anglo-Saxon  synonym  of  "illegal."  Ans.  Unlawful. — Show 
that  they  are  synonyms.  Ans.  il(iH)  =  un;  leg  —  \a.\K;  andal  = 
ful.  — Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "  illegal."  —  Com- 
bine and  define  illegal  -)-  ity. 

(3.)  What  noun  derived  from  "legislate  "  means  the  law-making  power  ? 
—  Combine  and  define  legislate -I- ion  ;  legislate -f- ive. 

(4.)  Give  the  negative  of  "legitimate." 

(5.)  What  is  the  plural  of  "privilege"  ?— Define  the  meaning  of  this 
word  in  the  pa.ssage,  — 

"  He  claims  his  privilege,  and  says  'tis  fit 
Nothing  should  be  the  judge  of  wit,  but  wit." 

23.  L,IT'ERA,  a  letter. 

Radical :  liter-. 
1.  lit'eral :  liter  +  al  =  relating  to  the  letter  of  a  thing  ;  that  is,  ex- 
act to  the  letter. 


44  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

2.  lit'erary  :  liter  +  ary  =  pertaining  to  letters  or  learning. 

3.  obliterate  :  ob  +  liter  +  ate  =  to  cause  letters  to  be  ruljbecl  out : 

hence,  to  rub  out,  in  general. 

4.  literature:  tlirough  Lat.  n.  Uteratura  — the  collective  body  of 

literary  works. 

5.  illiterate:   il  (for  in,  not)  +  liter  +  ate  =  of  the  nature  of  one 

who  does  not  know  his  letters. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Define  what  is  meant  by  a  "  literal  translation." 

(2.)  Give  a  synonymous  expression  for  a  "  literary  man." — Compose  a 

sentence  containing  the  terms  "literary  society." 
(3.)  Give  a  synonym  of  "obliterate"  in  its  literal  meaning.     Aiis.  To 

erase.  —  If  we  should  s]-)eak  of  obliterating  the  memory  of  a  wrong, 

would  the  word  be  used  in  its  primary  or  its  derivative  sense  ? 
(4.)  When  we  speak  of  English  "  literature  "  what  is  meant  ?  —  Can  you 

mention  a  great  poem  in  Greek  "literature  "  ?  —  Compose  a  sentence 

containing  the  word  "literature." 
(5.)  Give  a  synonym  of  "illiterate."     ylns.    Unlearned. — What  is  the 

opposite  of  "  illiterate"  ?     Ans.  Learned. 

24.     MORS,  mor'tis,  death. 

Radical  :  mort-. 

1.  mor'tal :  mort  +  a  =  relating  to  death. 

2.  mor'tify  :  mort  +  ify  =  literally,  to  cause  to  die  :  hence,  (1)  to 

destroy  vital  functions  ;  (2)  to  humble. 

3.  immor'talize  :  ini  (for  in,  not)  +  mort  +  al  +  ize  =  to  make  not 

subject  to  death  :  hence,  to  perpetuate. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  What  does  Shakespeare  mean  by  tlie  expression  to  "shuffle  off  this 
7nOT-/«i?  coil"  ^  —  Combine  and  define  mortal +  ity.  —  What  is  the 
opposite  of  "  mortal  "  ?  —  Give  a  synonym.     Jns.  Deathless. 

(2.)  State  the  two  meanings  of  "  mortify."  —  What  noun  is  derived  from 
this  verb  ?  ylns.  Mnrtificatimi.  —  When  a  surgeon  speaks  of  "  mor- 
tification" setting  in,  what  does  he  niean  ?  —  What  is  meant  by 
"mortification"  when  we  say  that  the  British  felt  great  mortifica- 
tion at  tlie  recapture  of  Stony  Point  by  General  Anthony  Wayne  ? 


THE    LATLV    KLEMKNT.  45 

(3.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "  innnoi'talizc."  JIodel  : 
"  Milton  immorLalizcd  his  name  by  the  production  of  Paradise 
Lost." 

25.  NOR'MA,  a  rule. 

Radical :  uorm-. 

1.  nor'mal  :  norm  +  al  =  according  to  rule. 

2.  enor'mous :  e  +  norm  +  oiis  =:  having  the  quality  of  being  out  of 

all  rule  :  hence,  excessive,  huge. 

3.  enor'mity  :  e  +  norm  +  ity  =  the  state  of  being  out  of  all  rule  : 

hence,  an  excessive  degree  —  generally  used  in  regard  to  bad 
qualities. 

4.  abnor'mal :  ab+ norm +  al— having  the  quality  of  being  aifo?/ 

from  the  usual  rule  :  hence,  unnatural. 

EXERCISE. 
(1.)  What  is  meant  by  the  expression,  "ihenormal  condition  of  things"  ? 

—  AVhat  is  the  meaning  of  the  term  a  "normal  school"  ?  Ans. 
It  means  a  school  whose  methods  of  instruction  are  to  serve  as  a 
model  for  imitation  ;  a  school  for  the  education  of  teachers. 

(2.)  Give  a  synonym  of  "  enormous."  jins.  Immense.  —  Give  another.  — 
"What  is  meant  by  "enormous  strength  "  ?  an  "  cnoiinous  crime  ?  " 

—  Combine  and  define  enormous +  ly. 

(3.)  Illustrate  the  meaning  of  the  word  "  enonnity  "  by  a  sentence. 


26.    OR'DO,  or'dinis,  order. 

Radiral :  ordiii-. 

1.  or'dinary :  ordin  +  ary  =  relating  to  the  usual  order  of  things. 

2.  extraordinary:  extra  +  ordin +  ary=; beyond  ordinary. 

3.  inor'dinate  :  in  +  ordin  +  ate  =  having  the  quality  of  not  being 

■within  the  usual  order  of  things  :  hence,  excessive. 

4.  suborMinate:  sub  +  ordin  +  ate  =  having  the  ([uality  of  being 

under  the  usual  order  :  hence,  inferior,  secondary. 

5.  or'dinance  :  ordin  +  ance  =  that  which  is  according  to  order  : 

hence,  a  law. 


46  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

6.  insuborclina'tion  :  in  +  sub  +  ordiu  +  ate  +  ion  =  the  state  of  not 
being  under  the  usual  order  of  things  :  hence,  disobedience  to 
Lawful  authority. 

EXERCISE.       • 

(1.)  "What  is  meant  b}^  "  ordumry  hmguage  "  ?  an  "  ordinary  man  "  ? 

(2.)  Combine  and  define  extraordinary  +  ly.  — Compose  a  sentence  using 
the  word  "  extraordinary."  • —  Give  a  synonym  of  "  extraordinary." 
Ans.    Unusual. 

(3.)  Explain  wliat  is  meant  by  saying  that  General  Cliarles  Lee  had 
"  i)Lordinate  vanity." — Is  "inordinate"  used  with  reference  to 
praiseworthy  things  ? 

(4.)  AVliat.part  of  speech  other  than  an  adjective  is  "subordinate"  ? — ■ 
AVhat  is  meant  by  "  a  subordinate  "  ?  —  AVhat  does  ' '  subordinate  " 
mean  in  the  sentence,  "We  must  subordinate  our  wishes  to  the 
rules  of  jnorality  "  ?  —  Combine  and  define  subordinate  +  ion. 

(5.)  What  does  the  expression  "the  ordinances  of  the  Common  Council 
of  the  City  of  New  York  "  mean  ? 

(6.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "insubordination."  —  Give 
the  opposite  of  "  insubordination  "  ?  Ans.  Subordination,  obedi- 
ence. 

27.    PARS,  i>ar'tis,  n  i^nrt  or  share. 

Ilacli(-al  :  part-. 

1.  part:  from  partw  =  a  share. 

2.  parotide  :  part  +  (i)cle  =:  a  small  part. 

3.  par'cial  :  part +  (i)al  =  relating  to  a  part  rather  than  the  whole  : 

hence,  inclined  to  favur  one  party  or  person  or  thing. 

4.  pai'ty:  through  Fr.  n.partie:  a  set  of  persons  (that  is,  a  part 

of  the  pe.opde)  engaged  in  some  design. 

5.  par'tisan  :  through  Fr.  n.  imrlisan  —  ^  party  man. 

6.  depart' :  de  +  part  —  to  take  one's  self  away  from  one  part  to 

another. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  AVhat  ])art  of  speech  is  "  part  "  besidi's  a  noun  ] —  Write  a  sentence 
containing  this  wortl  as  a  noun  ;  another  as  a  verb. 


THE    LATIN    KLE.MKNT.  47 

(2.)  Point  out  the  connection  of  meaning  between  "  particle  "  and  "  par- 
ticular." Ans.  "Particular"  means  taking  note  of  the  minute 
parts  ov  jMvticles  of  a  given  subject. 

(3.)  What  is  the  negative  of  "  partial"  ?    Ans.  Impartial. — Define  it. 

(1.)  Explain  what  is  meant  by  a  "  political  ^;a?-/!/." 

(6  )  Combine  and  define  depart +ure. 

28.    PES,  pe'dis,  a  foot. 
Radical :  ped-. 

1.  ped'al :  ped  +  al  =  an  instrument  made  to  be  moved  by  the  foot. 

2.  bi'ped  :  bi  +  ped  =  .a  two-footed  animal. 

3.  quacl'ruped  :    quadru  +  ped  —  a  four-footed  animal.      (Quadru, 

from  quatuor,  four.) 

4.  ped'dler  :  literally,  a  trader  who  travels  on  foot. 

5.  expedite':  ex-F  ped-i- ite  (ite,  equivalent  to  a^e)  =  literally,  to 

free  the  feet  from  entanglement  :  hence,  to  hasten. 

6.  expedi'tion  :  ex  +  ped  -f-  ite  -i-  ion  =  the  act  of  expediting :  hence, 

(1)  the  quality  of  l)eing  expeditious,  promptness  ;  (2)  a  send- 
ing forth  for  the  execution  of  some  object  of  impoi'tance. 

7.  imped'iment :  through  Lat.  n.  impedimentuvi ;  literally,  some- 

thing which  impedes  or  entangles  the  feet  :  heuce,  au  obstacle, 
an  obstruction. 

EXERCISE. 

(2.)  Make  up  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "  biped." 
(3.)  JIake  up  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "  quadruped." 
(4.)  What  is  the  English  verb  from  which  "  peddler  "  comes  ?  —  In  what 
other  way  is  "  peddler"  sometimes  spelled  ?    Ans.   It  is  sometimes 
.spelled  with  but  one  d  —  thus,  pedler. 
(5.)  "To  expedite  the  growth  of  plants'  :   what  does  that  mean?  —  Give 

the  opposite  of  "expedite."  Ans.  To  retard. 
(6.)  Point  out  tlic  double  sense  of  the  word  "  expedition  "  in  the  follow- 
ing sentences :  "With  winged  cx}}cdilion,  swift  as  lightning."  — 
Milton.  "The  expedition  of  Cortez  miserably  failed."  —  Prescott. 
(7.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "impediment."  —  What  is 
meant  by  "impediment  of^speech"?  —  Is  the  word  here  used  in 
its  literal  or  its  figurative  sense  ? 


48  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

29.  KUM'PEBE  :  rum'po,  rup'tum,  to  break. 

RadiCLil  :  rupt-. 

1.  rup'ture:  rupt +  ure=  the  act  of  breaking  with  another  ;  that 

is,  a  breach  of  friendly  relations. 

2.  erup'tion  :  e  +  rupt  +  ion  =  the  act  of  breaking  or  bursting  out. 

3.  abrupt' :  ab  +  rupt  =:  broken  off  short  :  hence,  having  a  sudden 

termination. 

4.  corrupt' :  cor  (for  con)  +  rupt  =  thoroughly  broken  up  :  hence, 

decomposed,  depraved. 

5.  interrupt' :  inter  +  rupt  =  to  break  in  between  :  hence,  to  hinder. 

6.  bank'rupt :  literally,  one  who  is  bank-broken,  who  cannot  pay 

his  debts,  an  insolvent  debtor. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  "What  other  part  of  speech  than  a  noun  is  "  rupture  "  ?  Ans.  A 
verb.  —  Compose  one  sentence  using  the  word  as  a  verb,  the  other 
as  a  noun.  —  What  does  the  "  mixture  of  a  blood  vessel "  mean  1 
Is  this  the  literal  sense  of  the  word  ?  —  Tlie  "  rupture  of  friendly 
relations  "  between  IMaine  and  Massachusetts  :  is  this  its  literal  or 
its  figurative  sense  ? 

(2.)  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "eruption." 

(3.)  Combine  and  define  abrupt -hness  ;  abrupt +  ly.  — When  we  speak  of 
an  "abrupt  manner,"  what  is  meant? — W'hen  we  speak  of  an 
"abrupt  descent,"  what  is  meant  ? 

(4.)  Explain  what  is  meant  by  "  corrupt  principles  "  ;  a  "  corrupt  _i\idge." 
—  Combine  and  define  corrupt  +  ion  ;  corrupt  +  ible  ;  in  +  corrupt 
+  ible. — What  other  part  of  speech  than  an  adjective  is  "cor- 
rupt"?—  What  part  of  speech  is  it  in  the  sentence  "evil  com- 
munications corrupt  good  manners  "  ? 

30.  TEM'PUS,  tem'poris,  time. 

Radical :  tempor-. 

1.  tem'poral :  tempor -}- al  =  relating  to  time  :  hence,  not  everlast- 

ing. 

2.  tem'porary  :  tempor  +  ary  =  lasting  only  for  a  brief  time. 

3.  contem'porary :  con  -f  tempor  +  ary  =  one  who  lives  in  the  same 

time  with  another. 


WORD-AXALYSIS.  49 

4.  tem'perance  :  through  Fr.  ii.  temperance  ;  literal  meaning,  the 

state  of  being  well  timed  as  to  one's  habits  :  hence,  moderation. 

5.  extempora'neous  :  ex  +  teniporane(us) +ous=  produced  at  the 

time. 

6.  tem'porize  :    tempor +  ize  =  to  do  as  the  times  do:  hence,  to 

yield  to  the  cui'rent  of  opinion. 

EXERCISE. 

(1.)  Give  the  opposite  of  "  temporal. "  Ans.  Eternal.  Illustrate  the.se 
two  words  by  a  sentence  from  the  Bible.  Ans.  "  The  things  which 
are  seen  are  tevijioral ;  but  the  things  which  are  not  seen  are  eter- 
nal." 

(2.)  Give  the  opposite  of  "temporar)'."  Ans.  Permanent. — What  is 
meant  by  the  "  iemjxjrarij  government  of  a  city  "  ?  —  Give  a  syn- 
onym of  "temporary."  Ans.  Transitory.  —  Would  you  say  that 
man  is  a  "  temjjorary  being  "  or  a  "  transitory  being  "  ? 

(3.)  Compose  a  sentence  illustrating  the  use  of  the  word  "  contemporary. 
—  Wliat  adjective  corresponds  to  this  adjective  ? 

(4.)  State  the  distinction  between  "temperance"  and  "abstinence."  — 
Write  a  sentence  showing  the  use  of  the  two  words. 

(5.)  What  is  meant  by  an  "  extemi^oraneous  speech  ?  " 

(6.)  What  is  one  who  lemijorizes  sometimes  called  ?    Ans-  A  ^i?nc-server. 


50  ^VORD-A^"ALYSIS. 


Division  II. -ABBREVIATED   LATIN   DERIVATIVES. 

Note.  — In  Division  II,  the  English  dpiivatives  from  Latin  roots  are  given  in  ab- 
breviati:*!  foi'in,  anil  arc  arranged  In  iiarayraphs  under  the  particular  radicals,  from 
wliich  the  several  groups  of  derivatives  are  formed.  The  radicals  are  jiriuted  at  the 
left  in  bold-face  type  —  thus,  acr-,  acerb-,  etc.  Derivatives  not  obviously  connected 
with  the  Latin  roots  are  given  in  tlie  last  paragraph  of  each  section.  Pupils  are  re- 
qiiired  to  unite  the  prefixes  and  suthxes  with  the  radicals,  thus  forming  the  English 
derivatives,  which  may  be  given  cither  orally  or  in  writing.  Only  difficult  definitions 
are  appended  :  in  the  case  of  words  not  defined,  pn]>ils  may  be  required  to  form  the 
delinition  by  reference  to  the  signification  of  the  radicals  and  the  formative  elements  : 
thus,  acr  -f-  id  =  acrid,  being  bitter  ;  acr  +  id  -|-  ity  =  state  of  being  bitter,  bitterness. 

1.    A'CER,  a'cris,  sharp;   Acer'bus,  bitter;  Ac'idus,  sour ;  Ace'tum, 

vinegar. 

acr:  -id,  -idity  ;  ac'rimony  (Lat.  n.  acrimo'nia,  sharpness  of  tem- 
per) ;  acrimo'nious. 

acerb:  -ity;    exac'erhaie,  to  7-ender  bitter ;  exacerba'tion. 

acid:  ac'itl  ;  -ify,  -ity  ;  acid'nlate  (Lat.  adj.  acicritZus,  slightly  sour)  ; 
acid'ulous  ;   subac'id,  slujhtly  acid. 

acet :  -ate,  a  certain  salt;  -ic,  pertaininrj  to  a  certain  acid ;  -ify, 
-ification,  -ose,  -ous. 

2.    AE'DES,  a  house. 
ed  :   ed'if}'  ;  edifica'tion  ;    ed'ifice  (Lat.  ii.  edifi'cium,  a  large  build- 
in.n)  ;  e'dile  (Lat.  ii.  aedi'lis,  a  Roman  magistrate  who  hud  charge 

of  buildiiin's). 

3.  -aU'QUUS,  equal  ;   ^qua'lis,  equal,  just. 

equ  :  -able,  -atioii,  -ator,  -atorial,  -ity,  -itable  ;  ad'equate  (Lat.  v. 
adequa're,  adcqua'linn,  to  make  e([ual)  ;  inad'equacy ;  inad'e- 
qnate  ;  iiii(i'uity  (Lat.  n.  init/uitas,  want  of  equal  or  just  d(?al- 
iiig)  ;  iiii(['uitous. 

equal  :  e'cjual  (u.,  v.,  adj.),  -ity,  -ize  ;  co-e'qual  ;  une'qual. 

4.  ^'VUM,  an  age;  ^ter'nitas,  eternal. 

ev  :    co-e'vid  ;   longev'ily  (Lat.  adj.  lon'cjus,  long)  ;  prime'val  (Lat. 

adj.  pri'mus,  first). 
ctern  :   -al,  -ity,  -ize  ;   co-etcr'iial. 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  51 

5.    A'GER,  a'gri,  a  field,  land. 

agri  :  agra'iian  (Lat.  adj.  ayra'riiis,  relating  to  land) ;  agra'rian- 
ism  ;  ag'ricultijre  (Lat.  n.  cultu'ru,  cultivation),  agric.ult'iiral, 
agricull'urist. 

Per'egriuate  (Lat.  v.  jjeregriim' ri,  to  travel  in  foreign  lands)  ; 
peregrina'tion  ;  pil'griui  (Fr.  n.  i^e'lerin,  a  wanderer)  ;  pil'grini- 
age. 

AGEE.E,  to  do.    (See  p.  23  ) 

6.    AL'ERE:    a'lo,    al'itum    or  al'tum,  to  nourish;    ALES'CERE: 
ales'co,  to  grow  up. 

al :  al'inient  (Lat.  n.  alimen'tum,  nourishment)  ;  alinien'tary  ;  al'i- 
mony  (Lat.  n.  alimo'nia,  allowance  made  to  a  divorced  wife 
for  her  support). 

alit :  couli'tion  (-ist). 

alesc  :  coalesce'  (-ence,  -ent). 

ALIENUS.    (See  p.  25.) 
7.    AL'TER,  another ;  Alter'nus,  one  after  another. 

alter  :  al'ter,  -ation,  -ative  (a  medicine  producing  a  change)  ;  unal'- 

tered  ;  alterca'tion  (Lat.  n.  alterca'tio,  a  contention). 
altern :  -ate,  -ation,  -ative  ;  subal'tern,  a  subordinate  officer. 

AM  ARE  ;  Amicus.  (See  p.  25.) 
ANIMUS;  Anima.  (Seep.  26.) 
ANNUS.    (See  p.  27.) 

8.    ANTI'QUUS,  old,  ancient. 

antiqu:  -ary,  -arian,  -ated,  -ity  ;  antique'  (Fr.  adj.  antique'),  old, 
ancient. 

9.    AP'TUS,  fit,  suitable. 

apt :  apt,  -itude,  -ly,  -ness  ;  adapt'  (-able,  -ation,  -or). 

10.    A'QUA,  water. 

aque:  -duct  (dii'cere,  to  lead)  ;  a'queous  ;  suba'queous  ;  terra'que- 
ous  (Lat.  n.  terra,  land) ;  aquat'ic  (Lat.  adj.  aquaficus,  relating 
to  water)  ;  aqua'rium  (Lat.  n.  aqua'rium,  a  reservoir  of  water), 
n  tanl'  fnr  vra^.er-'pl-ri-n.tx  and  a.nimaJi. 


52  WORD-AX  ALYSIS. 

11.    AR'BITER,  ar'bitri,  a  judge  or  umpire. 
arbiter  :  ar' biter,  a  judge  or  umpire. 

arbitr :  -ary,  -ate,  -ation,  -ator ;  arbit'rament  (Lat.  n.  arbitramen'- 
tum,  decision). 

12.    AR'BOR,  ar'boris,  a  tree. 
arbor :  ar'bor,  a  lattice-work  covered  loith  vines,  etc.,  a  hower  ;  -et,  a 
little  tree  ;  -ist,  -escent,  -(e)oiivS  ;  arbore'tura,  a  place  where  speci- 
mens of  trees  are  cultivated ;  arboricult'ure  (-ist). 

13.    AR'MA,  arms,  weapons. 

arm:  arm  (n.  and  v.)  ;  arms,  loeapons;  -or,  defensive  wecq^ns  ;  ar'- 
morer  ;  ar'mory  ;  armo'rial,  belonging  to  the  escutcheon  or  coat 
of  arms  of  afamihj  ;  ar'mistice  (sis'tere,  to  cause  to  stand  still)  ; 
disarm'  ;  unarmed'. 

Arma'da  (Span,  n.),  a  naval  icarlike  force ;  ar'my  (Fr.  n 
arme'e)  ;  ar'mament  (Lat.  n.  armamen' ta,  utensils)  ;  armudil'lo 
(Span,  n.),  an  animal  armed  ivith  a  bony  shell. 

ARS.    (See  piige  2S.) 

14.    ARTIC'ULUS,  a  little  joint. 
articul :    -ate   (v.,   to    utter   in    distinctly  jointed   syllables),   -ate 
(adj.  formed  with  joints),  -ation  ;  inartic'ulate  ;    ar'ticle  (Fr. 
n.  article). 

15.    AS'PER,  rough. 
asper :  -ate,  -ity  :  exas'i)erate  ;  e.xas'peration. 

AUDIRE.    (See  page  -29.) 

16.    AUGE'RE:  au'geo,  auc'tum,  to  increase. 
aug:  augment'  (v.)  ;  augmenta'tion. 

auct :  -ion,  a  sale  in  vjhich  the  price  is  increased  by  bidders ;  -ioneer. 
Author  (Lat.  n.  auc'tor,  one  who  increases  knowledge)  ;  au- 
thor'ity  ;  au'tliorize  ;  auxil'iary  (Lat.  n.  anxil'iurii,  help). 

17.    A'VIS,  a  bird;  Au'gur,  Aus'pex,  aus'picis,  a  soothsayer. 
iiugur  :  au'gur  (n.),  on-c  inho  foretells  fviura  events  by  observing  tJi^ 


THE    LATIX    ELEMENT.  53 

firjht  of  birds,  (v.)  to  foretell ;  au'guiy,  an  omen ;  inau'gurate, 
to  invest  with  an  office  by  solemn  rites  ;  inaugura'tion  ;  inau'gural. 
auspici  :  -ous,  favorable  ;  inauspi'cious  ;  axis'pices. 

18.    BAR'BARUS,  savage,  uncivilized. 
barbar:  -ian  (ii.  and  ailj.),  -ic,  -i.sm,  -ity,  -ize,  -ous. 

19.    BIS,  twice  or  two. 

bi :  bi'eiuiial  (Lat.  n.  an'nns,  a  3'c'ar)  ;  big'amy  (Greek  n.  gamos,  mar- 
riage) ;  bil'lion  (Lat.  n.  mil'lio,  a  million  ;  literally,  twice  a  mil- 
lion) ;  bipai-'tite  (Lat.  n.  pars,  ixir'tis,  a  part)  ;  bi'ped  (Lat.  n. 
pes,  pe'dis,  foot) ;  bis'cuit  (Fr.  v.  cuit,  cooked)  ;  bisect'  (Lat.  v. 
sec' turn,  cut)  ;  bi'valve  (Lat.  n.  val'vce,  folding-doors)  ;  bi'nary 
(Lat.  adj.  bi'ni,  two  by  two)  ;  binoc'ular  (Lat.  n.  oc'ulus,  the 
eye)  ;  combine'  ;  combina'tion. 

20.    BO'NUS,  good;  Be'ne,  well. 

bonus  :  bonus  (something  to  the  good  of  a  person  in  addition  to 
compensation),  bounty  (Fr.  n.  bont^,  kindness)  ;  boun'teous  ; 
boun'tiful. 

bene  :  ben'efice  (Lat.  v.  fac'ere,  fac'tum,  to  do),  literally,  a  benefit,  an 
ecclesiastical  living  ;  beneficence  ;  beneficent  ;  benefi'cial  ; 
ben'efit  ;  benefac'tion  ;  benefac'tor  ;  benedic'tion  (Lat.  v.  dic'- 
ere,  dic'tum,  to  say)  ;  benev'olence  (Lat.  v.  vel'le,  to  will). 

EXERCISE. 

In  this  and  the  folloicing  exercises,  tell  the  roots  of  the  tcords 
printed  i«.  italic :  The  equator  divides  the  globe  into  two  equal 
parts.  Good  agriculturists  read  agricidtural  papers.  In  the  pri- 
maeval ages  the  longevity  of  man  was  very  great.  The  pilgrims  have 
gone  on  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land.  The  subaltern  had  no  alter- 
native but  to  obey.  To  remove  the  stain  a  powerful  acid  must  be 
used.  The  cdimony  which  had  hitherto  been  allowed  was  no  longer 
considered  adequate.  The  discourse,  though  learned,  was  not  edify- 
ing.     God  is  an  eternal  and  unchangeable  being.      The  handsome 


54  WOKD-ANALYSrS. 

edifice  was  burned  to  the  ground.  The  plants  and  animals  in  the 
aquarium  were  brought  from  abroad.  Though  the  style  is  anti- 
quated, it  is  not  inelegant.  The  arbitrary  proceedings  of  the  British 
Pai'liament  exasperated  the  Americans.  God  is  the  bountiful  Giver 
of  all  good.  The  President  made  a  short  inaugural  address.  By 
combined  effort  success  is  sure.  One  of  Scott's  novels  is  called  The 
Antiquary.  It  is  barbarous  needlessly  to  destroy  life.  George  Pea- 
body  was  noted  for  his  benevolence.  The  Komans  were  famous  for 
their  great  aqueducts. 

21.    CAD'EKE  :   ca'do,  ca'sum,  to  faU. 

cad:  -ence,  a  falling  of  the  voice ;  cascade' (Fr.  n.)  ;  deca'dence. 

cide  :  ac'cident;  coincide' (con  +  in) ;  coin'cidence  ;  decid'uous  ;  in'- 
cident ;  oc'cident,  the  place  of  the  falling  or  setting  sun,  the  west. 

case :  case,  the  state  in  which  a  thing  happens  or  falls  to  be ;  casual 
(Lat.  n.  casus,  a  fall)  ;  cas'ualty  ;  cas'uist,  one  icho  studies  cases 
of  conscience ;  cas'uistry  ;  occa'sion. 

Chance  (Fr.  v.  choir,  to  fall),  something  that  befalls  without  ap- 
parent cause ;  decay  (Fr.  v.  de'choir,  to  fall  away). 


22.    C^D'ERE  :   cse'do,  cse'sum,  to  cut,  to  kill 

cide  :  decide',  to  cut  off  discussion,  to  determine ;  frat'ricide,  the  hill- 
ing of  a  brother  (Lat.  n.  fra'ter,  a  brother)  ;  hom'icide  (Iw'mo^ 
a  man)  ;  infan'ticide  {in'fans,  an  infant) ;  mat'ricide  (ma'ter,  a 
mother) ;  par'ricide  {p)a'ter,  a  father)  ;  reg'icide  {rex,  re'gis,  a 
king)  ;  su'icide  (Lat.  pro.  sui,  one's  self). 

cise:  con-,  e.\-,  pre-;  concise'ness  ;  decis'ion  ;  deci'sive  ;  excLs'ion  ; 
incis'ion  ;  inci'sor ;  precis'ion. 

23.    CAL'CULUS,  a  pebble. 

calcul :  -able  (literally,  that  may  be  counted  by  the  help  of  peljbles 
anciently  used  in  reckoning),  -ate,  -ation,  -ator  ;  incal'culable  ; 
miscal'culate. 


THE    LATIN    ELEMENT.  55 

24.    CANDE'RE  :   can'deo,  can'ditum,  to  be  white,  to  shine 
(literally,  to  burn,  to  glow) ;  Can'didus,  white. 

oand  :  -id,  fair,  sincere ;  -or,  openness,  sincerity  ;  incandes'cent. 

can'did :  -ate  (in  Rome  aspirants  for  office  wore  ichite  robes). 

Cen'ser,  a  vessel  inwhich  incense  is  burned ;  in'cense  (n.),  per- 
fume given  off  by  fire ;  incense'  (v.),  to  inflame  with  anger ; 
incen'diary  (Lat.  n.  incen'dium,  a  fire)  ;  can'dle  (Lat.  cande'la, 
a  'White  light  made  of  wax)  ;  chand'ler  (literally  a  maker  cr 
seller  of  candles)  ;  chandelier'  ;  candel'abra. 

25.    CAN 'EKE  :  ca'no,  can'tum,  to  sing;   Fr.  chanter,  to  sing. 

cant :  cant,  hypocritical  sing-song  speech;  canta'ta,  a  poem  set  to  music; 

can'ticle  ;  can'iicles,  the  Song  of  Solomon ;  can'to,  division  of  a 

poem;  discant' ;  incanta'tion,  enchantment;  recant',  literally,  to 

sing  hack,  to  retract. 
chant :  chant  ;  chant' er  ;  chan'ticleer  ;  chant'ry  ;  enchant'. 

Ac'cent  (Lat.  ad.  and  cantus,  a  song),  literally,  a  modulation 

of  the  voice ;   accentua'tion  ;   precen'tor  (Lat.  \.  prcecan'ere,  to 

sing  before). 

26.    CAP'ERE  :  ca'pio,  cap'tum,  to  take. 

cap  :  -alile,  -ability  ;  inca'pable. 

cip  :  antic'ipate  ;  eman'cipate  (Lat.  n.  ma'nus,  hand),  literally,  to 
take  away  from  the  hand  of  an  owner,  to  free;  incip'ient  ;  mu- 
nic'ipal  (Lat.  n.  municip'ium,  a  free  town  ;  mu'nia,  official  du- 
ties, and  cap'ere,  to  take)  ;  partic'ipate  (Lat.  n.  pars,  par'tis,  a 
part)  ;  pai-'ticiple  ;  prince  (Lat.  n.  prin'ceps,  —  Lat.  adj.  pri'mus, 
first  :  hence,  taking  the  _^rs(  place  or  lead) ;  prin'cipal  ;  prin'ci- 
ple  ;  recip'ient  ;  rec'ipe  (imperative  of  recip'cre ;  literally, 
"  take  thou,"  being  the  first  word  of  a  medical  prescription). 

ceive  (Fr.  root  =  cap- or  cip-)  :  conceive';  deceive';  perceive';  re- 
ceive'. 

capt :  -ive,  -ivate,  -ivity,  -or,  -ure. 

cept :  accept'  (-able,  -ance,  -ation) ;  concep'tion ;  decep'tion  ;  decep'- 
tive  ;   except'  (-ion,  -ionable)  ;    incep'tion  ;   incep'tive  ;    inter- 


56  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

cept' ;    pre'cept  ;    precep'tor ;   recep'tacle  ;   recep'tion  ;   suscep'- 
tible. 
ceit  (Fr.  root  =  capt-  or  cept-) :  conceit' ;  deceit' ;  receipt'. 

Capa'cious  (Lat.  adj.  ca'jMX,  capa'cis,  able  "to  hold:  hence 
large)  ;  capac'itate  ;  cupac'ity  ;  incapac'itate. 

CAPUT.    (See  page  30.) 

27.    CA'KO,  carnis,  flesh. 

earn  :  -age,  slaughter  ;  -al,  -ation,  the  flesh-colored  fioicer  ;  incar'nate  ; 
incarna'tion. 

Carne'lian  (Lat.  adj.  car'neus,  fleshy),  o-  flesh-colored  stone ; 
car'nival  (Lat.  v.  vale,  farewell),  a  festival  lireceding  Lent ;  car- 
niv'orous  (Lat.  v.  vora're,  to  eat) ;  char'nel  (Fr.  adj.  charnel,  con- 
taining flesh). 

28.    CAU'SA,  a  cause. 

caus :  -al,  -ation,  -ative ;  cause  (Fr.  n.  cause),  n.  and  v. 

Accuse'  (Fr.  v.  accuser,  to  bring  a  charge  against),  -ative, 
-ation,  -er  ;  excuse'  (Fr.  v.  excuscr,  to  absolve)  ;  excus'able  ; 
rec'usant  (Lat.  v.  recusa're,  to  refuse). 

29.    CAVE'RE:   ca'veo,  cautum,  to  beware. 

caut :  -ion,  -ious  ;  incau'tious  ;  precan'tion. 

Ca'veat  (3d  per.  sing,  present  subjunctive  =  let  him  beware), 
an  intimation  to  stop  proceedings. 

SO.    CA'VUS,  hollow. 
cav :  -ity  ;  concav'ity  ;  ex'cavate. 

Cave  (Fr.  n.  cave?),  literally,  a  hollow,  empty  space;  con'cave 
(Lat.  adj.  conca'vus,  arched  ) ;  cav'il  (Lat.  n.  cavil'la,  a  jest). 

81.    CED'ERE  :  ce'do,  ces'sum,  to  go,  to  yield. 

cede :   cede  ;   accede'  ;   antece'dent ;   concede'  ;   precede'  ;  recede'  ; 

secede'  ;  nnprec'edented. 
ceed  :  ex-,  pro-,  sul)-  (sue-). 


THE    LATIN    ELEMENT.  57 

cess :  -ation,  -ion  ;  ab'scess,  a  collection  of  matter  gone  aimy,  or 
collected  in  a  cavity  ;  ac'cess  ;  acces'sible  ;  acces':>ion  ;  acces'- 
sory  ;  conces'sioii  ;  excess' ;  exces'sive  ;  interces'sion  ;  inter- 
ces'sor  ;  preces'sion  ;  proc'es;s  ;  proces'sion  ;  recess' ;  seces'sion  ; 
success'  (-fill,  -ion,  -ive). 

32.    CENSE'RE  :  cen'seo,  cen'sum,  to  weigh,  to  estimate,  to  tax. 

cens :  -or,  -ure  ;  censo'rious  ;  ceii'surable  ;  recen'sion. 
Ceii'sus  (Lat.  n.  census,  au  estimate). 

33.    CEN'TRUM,  the  middle  point. 

centr  :  -al,  -ical ;  centrifugal  (Lat.  v.  fu'gere,  to  flee)  ;  centrip'etal 
(Lat.  V.  pet'ere,  to  seek)  ;  concer/trate  ;  concentra'tion ;  concen'- 
tric  ;  eccen'tric  ;  eccentric'ity. 

Cen'ter  or  cen'tre  (Fr.  n.  centre),  n.  and  v.  ;  cen'tered. 

U.    CEN'TUM,  a  hundred. 

cent:  cent;  cent'age  ;  cen'tenary  (Lat.  adj.  centena  rius) ;  centena'- 
rian  ;  centen'nial  (Lat.  n.  an'nus,  a  year)  ;  cen'tigrade  (Lat.  n, 
gra'dus,  a  degree)  ;  cen'tipede  (Lat.  n.  pes,  pe'dis,  the  foot) ; 
cen'tuple  (Lat.  adj.  centu'plex,  hundredfold)  ;  centu'rion  (Lat. 
n.  centu'rio,  a  captain  of  a  lumdred)  ;  cent'ury  (Lat.  n.  centu'ria, 
a  hundred  years) ;  percent'age. 

85.    CER'NERE  :  cer'no,   cre'tum,  to  sift,   to  see,  to  judge;    Discri- 
men,  discrim'inis,  distinction. 

cern:    con-,   de-,   dis- ;    unconcern';   discern'er,   discern'ible,   dis- 

cern'ment. 
cret :  decre'tal,  a  book  of  decrees  ;  discre'tion  ;  discre'tionary  ;  excre'- 

tion  ;  se'cret  ;  sec'retary. 
discrimin  :  -ate,  -ation  ;  indiscrim'inate. 

Decree'  (Fr.  n.  decret) ;  discreet'  (Fr.  adj.  discret)  ;  discrete' 

(literal!)'',  sifted  apart),  separate. 

36.    CERTA'RE  :  cer'to,  certa'tum,  to  contend,  to  vie. 
cert:  con'cert  (n.)  ;  concert'  (v.);  disconcert'  ;  preconcert'. 


58  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

37.    CIN'GERE  :  cin'go,  cinc'tum,  to  gird. 

cinct :  cinct'ure  ;  pre'cinct  ;  succinct',  literally,  girded  or  tucked 
up,  compressed,  concise  ;  succiiict'ness. 

38.    CIR'CUS,  a  circle ;  cir'culus,  a  little  circle. 

circ  :  cir'cus,  an  open  space  for  sports  ;  cir'clet. 
circul :  -ar,  -ate,  -ation,  -atoiy. 

Cir'cle  (Fr.  n.  cercle) ;  encir'cle ;  sem'icircle. 

39.    CITA'RE :  ci'to,  cita'tum,  to  stir  up.  to  rouse. 

cite :  cite,  to  summon  or  quote ;  excite'  (-able,  -aliility,  -ment) ; 
incite'  (-ment) ;  recite'  (-al) ;  resus'citate  (Lat.  v.  suscita'rc,  to 
raise). 

citat :  cita'tion  ;  recita'tion  ;  recitative',  a  species  of  musical  reci- 
tation. 

CIVIS.     (See  p.  31.) 

40.    CLAMA'RE :  ela'mo,  clama'tum,  to  cry  out,  to  shout;  Clam'or, 
a  loud  cry. 

claim  :   claim  (v.  and  n.,  to  clemantl  ;  a  demand),  ac-,  de-,  dis-,  ex-, 

pro-,  re-  ;  claim'ant  ;  reclaim'able. 
clamat:   acclama'tion  ;  declama'tion  ;  declam'atory  ;  exclama'tion  ; 

exclam'atory  ;  proclama'tion  ;  reclama'tion, 
clamor  :  clam'or  (v.  and  n.),  -er,  -ous. 

EXERCISE. 

The  decay  of  the  tree  was  caused  by  the  incisions  which  had  acci- 
dentcdlij  been  made  in  the  bark.  The  captives  will  Ije  set  at  liberty, 
but  the  precise  time  of  their  emancipation  has  not  been  fixed.  The 
harbor  is  capacious,  and  can  receive  vessels  of  the  largest  size.  The 
merits  of  the  candidates  were  discriminated  with  great  candor.  We 
were  enchanted  with  the  carnival  at  Rome.  This  recitation  is  satis- 
factory. Have  you  ever  seen  a  centigrade  thermometer  ?  Nothing 
is  so  successfid  as  success.  The  number  of  concentric  circles  in  the 
trunk  marked  the  age  of  the  tree.  No  censer  round  our  altar  beams. 
The  heat  being  excessive,  we  took  shelter  in  the  recesses  of  a  cave. 
Precision  is  the  ]irincipal  quality  of  good  writing.    Franklin's  father 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  59 

was  a  tallow  chandler.  Last  century  there  was  great  carnage  in. 
America.  Infanticide  is  much  j)racticed  in  China.  The  proclama- 
tion was  widely  circulated.  The  president  was  inaugurated  on  the 
4th  of  March.  The  census  is  taicen  every  ten  years.  Conceit  is 
worse  than  eccentricity.     Ilave  yoii  tiled  your  caveat  ? 

41.    CLAU'DEBE  :  clau'do,  clau'sum,  to  shut,  to  close. 

duel:  conclude';  exclude'  ;  include'  ;  preclude';  seclude'. 

clus  :  conclu'sion  ;  conclu'sive  ;  exclu'siou  ;  exclu'sive  ;  recluse'  ; 
sechi'sion. 

close:  close  (v.,  n.,  adj.);  clos'et ;  close'ness  ;  inclose'  (-ure) ;  en- 
close' (-ure). 

Clause  (Fr.  n.  clause) ;  clois'ter  (old  Fr.  u.  cloislre). 

42.  CLINA'KE:  cli'no,  clina'tum,  to  bend;  Cli'vus,  a  slope  or  hill. 

cliiiat :  iuclina'liun. 

cliue  :  de-,  in-,  re-. 

cliv  :  accliv'ity  ;  decliv'ity  ;  procliv'itj\ 

43.  COL'ERE:  co'lo,  cul'tum,  to  till,   to  cultivate  (Low  Lat.   Culti- 

va're,  to  cultivate). 

cult:  cult'ure  (Lat.  n.  cultu'ra,  a  cultivation);  ag'riculture  (Lat. 
n.  a'ger,  a  field)  ;  arboricult'ure  (Lat.  n.  ar'bor,  a  tree)  ;  flor'i- 
culture  (Lat.  n.  Jlos,  flo'ris,  a  flower) ;  hor'ticulture  (Lat.  n. 
hor'tus,  a  garden) ;  ausculta'tion  (Lat.  n.  ausculta' tio,  a  listen- 
ing ;  hence,  a  test  of  the  lungs). 

cultiv  :  -ate,  -ation,  -ator. 

Col'ony  (Lat.  n.  colo'nia,  a  settlement)  ;  colo'nial ;  col'onist ; 

col'onize. 

COR.    (See  page  32.) 

CORPUS.    (See  page  33.). 

CREDERE.    (See  page  35.) 

44.    CREA'RE  :  cre'o,  crea'tum,  to  create. 
creat :  -ion,  -ive,  -or,  -ure  ;  create'  (pro-,  re-). 


60  "WOKD-ANALYSIS. 

45.    CRES'CERE  :  cres'co,  cre'tum,  to  grow. 

cresc :  cres'cent  ;  excres'cence  ;  decrease'  ;  increase'. 
cret :  accre'tioii  ;  con'crete  ;  concre'tiou. 

Accrue'  (Fr.  n.  accrue,  increase) ;  in'crement  (Lat.  n.  in- 
cremen'tum,  increase)  ;  recruit'  (Fr.  v.  recruitre,  recru,  to  grow 
again). 

46.    CRUX,   cru'cis,  a  cross. 

cruc :  cru'cial  (Fr.  adj.  cruciale,  as  it'  bringing  to  the  cross  : 
hence,  severe) ;  crit'cible  (a  chemist's  melting-pot  —  Lat.  n.  cru- 
cib'ulum  —  marked  in  old  times  with  a  cross)  ;  crii'ciform 
(Lat.  n.for'mu,  a  shape);  cru'cil'y  (Lat.  y .  fig' ere,  fi.c' uvi,  to  fix); 
crucifix'ion  ;  excnt'ciating. 

Cross  (Fr.  n.  croix);  cro'sier  (Fr.  n.  crosier);  cruise  (Dan. 
V.  kruisen,  to  move  crosswise  or  in  a  zigzag) ;  crnsade'  (Fr. 
n.  croisade,  in  the  Middle  Ages,  an  expedition  to  the  Holy 
Land  made  under  the  banner  of  the  cross) ;  crusad'er. 

47.    CUBA'RE  :  cu'bo  (in  compos,  cumbo),  cub'itum,  to  lie  down. 

cub  :  in'cubate  ;  incuba'tion  ;  in'cubator. 

cumb  :    incum'bency  ;    incum'bent  ;    procuni'bent  ;  recum'bency  ; 

recum'bent ;  succumb'  (sub-) ;  superincum'bent. 

Cu'bit   (Lat.  n.    cvh'itus,  the   elbow,  because  it   serves   for 

leaning  upon)  ;  in'cubus  (Lat.  n.  in'cubus),  the  nightmare. 

48.    CU'RA,  care. 

cur :  -able,  -ate,  -ative,  -ator  ;  ac'curate  ;  ac'curacy  ;  inac'curate  ; 
proc'urator. 

Cu'rious  ;  prox'y  (contracted  from  proc'uracy).  authority  to  act 
for  another ;  secure'  (Lat.  adj.  secu'rus,  from  se  for  si'ne,  with- 
out, and  «('?■«,  care) ;  secu'rity  ;  insecure';  si'necure  (Lat.  prep. 
si'ne,  without  —  an  office  without  duties). 

CURRERE.    (See  iwgi!  3G. ) 

49.    DA'RE  :  do,  da'tum,  to  give. 

(lat:  date  (originally  tlie  time  at  which  a  i)ul)lic  document  was 


THE    LATIN    ELEMENT.  Gl 

given  —  da' turn);  da'ta  (Lat.  plural  of  f^a'^itm),  facts  or  truths 
(jiven  or  (ulmitted  ;  cla'tive. 
clit :   adcli'tion  ;   condi'tion  ;   ed'it    (-ion,  -or)  ;   perdi'tion  ;   tradi'- 
tion  ;  extradi'tion. 

Add  (Lat.   V.  ad'dere,  to  give  or  put  to)  ;  adden'duni  (jil. 
adden'da),  somethiiuj  to  he  added. 

50.    DEBE'RE:  de'beo,  deb'itum,  to  owe. 
debt:  debt  ;  debl'or  ;  iudebt'ed ;  deb'it  (n.  and  v.). 

51.    DE'CEM,  ten;    Dec'imus,  the  tenth. 

decern  :  Decem'ber  (I'oi-nierly  the  tenth  inontli) ;  deceni'virate  (Lat. 

n.  vir,  a  man),  a  body  of  ten  mufjistrates ;  decen'nial  (Lat.  n. 

an'nus,  a  year). 
deciui :  dec'imal  ;  dec'imate  ;  duodec'imo   (Lat.    adj.   duodec'imus, 

twelfth),  a  book  having  twelve  leaves  to  a  sheet. 

52.    DENS,  den 'tis,  a  tooth. 

dent :  dent,  to  notch ;  den'tal  ;  den'tifrice  (Lat.  v.  frica're,  to 
lub);  den'tist ;  dentition  (Lat.  n.  denti'tio,  a  cutting  of  the 
teeth  ;  eden'tate  (Lat.  adj.  edenta'tus,  toothless)  ;  indent' ;  in- 
dent'ure ;  tri'dent  (Lat.  adj.  tres,  three),  Neptune's  three-promjed. 
scepter;  dan'delion  (Fr.  dent-de-lion,  the  lion's  tooth),  a  jilant. 

53.   DE'US,  a  God;  Divi'nus,  relating  to  God,  divine. 

de:  de'ifv  ;  de'isni  ;  de'ist  ;  deist'ical  ;  de'itj^ 
diviu  :  divine' ;  divina'tion  (Lat.  n.  divina'tio,  a  foretelling  the  aid 
of  the  gods)  ;  diviu'ity. 

54.    DIC'ERE:  di'co,  dic'tum,  to  say. 

diet :  dic'tate  ;  dicta'tor  ;  dictato'rial  ;  dic'tion  ;  dic'tiouary  (Lat. 
n.  dictiona' rium,  a  word-book) ;  dic'tum  (pi.  dic'ta),  positive 
opinion  ;  addict'  (Lat.  a-,  addic'ere,  to  devote)  ;  benedic'tiou  (Lat. 
adv.  be'ne,  well)  ;  contradict' ;  e'dict ;  indict'  (Lat.  v.  indic'ere, 
to  proclaim),  to  charge  v:ith  a  crime ;  indict'ment ;  in'terdict ; 
jurid'ic  (Lat.  n.  jus,  ju'ris,  justice),  relating  to  the  distribution 
of  justice ;  maledic'tion  (Lat.  adv.  ma'le,i\\) ;  predict'  ;  predic'- 


62  WOllD-ANALYSIS. 

tion ;  valedic'tory  (Lat.  v.  va'le,  farewell) ;  ver'dict  (Lat.  adj. 
ve'rus,  true). 

Dit'to,  11.   (Ital.  n.  det'to,  a  word),  the  aforesaid  thiny ;  in- 
dite' (Lat.  V.  indic'ere,  to  dictate),  to  compose. 

55.    DI'ES,  a  day;  French  jour,  a  day. 

dies:  di'al  ;  di'ary  ;  di'et ;  diur'nal  (Lat.  adj.  diw'nus,  As.\\y) ; 
merid'ian  (Lat.  n.  mcrid'ics  =  me'dius  di'es,  midday)  ;  iiierid'- 
ional  ;  qnotid'ian  (Lat.  adj.  quotidia'nus,  daily). 

jour  :  jour'iial ;  jour'nali.st ;  juur'iiey  ;  adjourn' ;  adjourn'ment ; 
so'journ  ;  so'jouruer. 

DIGNUS.    (See  page  37.) 

66.    DIVID'ERE :  div'ido,  divi'sum,  to  divide,  to  separate. 

divid  :  divide' ;  div'idend  ;  subdivide' ;  individ'ual,  literally,  one 
not  to  be  divided,  a  single  'person. 

divis  :  -ible,  -ibility,  -ion,  -or. 

Device'  (Fr.  n.  devis,  something  imagined  or  devised)  ;  de- 
vise' (Fr.  V.  deviser,  to  form  a  plan). 

DO  CERE.    (See  page  38. ) 

67.    DOLE'RE  :  do'leo,  doli'tum,  to  grieve. 
Dole'ful ;  do'lor  ;   dol'orous  ;  condole' ;    condo'lence  ;    in'do- 
lent  (literally,  not  grieving  or  caring),  lazy. 

DOMINUS.    (See  page  3a) 

68.    DU'CERE :  du'co,  duc'tum,  to  lead,  to  bring  forward. 

dnc  :  adduce'  ;  conduce' ;  condu'cive  ;  deduce' ;  educe' ;  ed'ucate  ; 
educa'tion ;  induce';  induce'ment;  introduce';  produce';  re- 
duce'; redu'cible  ;  seduce' ;  sujierinducc' ;   traduce';    tradu'cer. 

duct:  aI)duc'tioii  ;  duc'liL'  (-ity)  ;  conduct'  (-m)  ;  deduct'  (-ion, 
-ive)  ;  induct'  (-inn,  -ive)  ;  iutroduc'limi ;  iutroduc'lory  ; 
prod'uct  (-ion,  -ive)  ;  reduc'tiou  ;  seduc'lion  ;  seduc'tive  ;  a<['- 
ueduct  (Lat.  n.  a'qua,  water)  ;  vi'aduct  (Lat,  n.  vi'a,  a  road) ; 
con'duit  (Fr.  n.  conduit),  a  channel  for  conveying  water. 


THE   LATIX    KLEMENT.  63 

59.    DU'O,  two. 

du  :  clu'al  ;  du'el  (-ist) ;  duet'  ;  du'plicate  (Lat.  v.  iMca're,  to  fold) ; 
diipli'city  (Lat.  ii.  c^HjjZio'itos,  double  dealing). 

Dubi'ety  (Lat.  n.  duhi'etas,  uncertainty)  ;  du'bious  (Lat.  adj. 
dit'bius,  uncertain)  ;  indu'biUible  (Lat.  v.  dahita're,  to  doubt)  ; 
doub'le  (Fr.  adj.  double,  twofold)  ;  doubt  (Fr.  n.  doubt),  -ful, 
-less  ;  undoubt'ed. 

60.    DU'RUS,  hard,  lasting;  DURA'RE  :  du'ro,  dura'tum,  to  last. 

dur :  -able,  -ableuess,  -ability,  -ance,  state  of  being  held  hard  and 

fast;  dnresse,  hardship,  constraint ;  endure' (-ance)  ;  ob'duracy. 

durat :  dura'tion  ;  in'durate,  <o  (/roif /utrti;  indiira'tiou  ;  ob'duracy. 

EXERCISE. 

When  the  speech  was  concluded  loud  acclamation  arose.  In  many 
parts  of  the  colony  much  of  the  waste  Lmd  has  been  reclaimed,  and 
a(jricidturcd  operations  now  receive  the  due  attention  of  the  colonists. 
The  patient  declined  to  undergo  auscidtation.  Fishing  is  a  healthful 
recreation.  Many  of  the  crusaders  were  inspired  with  great  courage. 
Security  was  offered,  but  it  was  not  accepted.  The  incumbent  could 
not  stand  the  criicicd  test,  and  hence  succumbed.  A  curious  ex- 
crescence was  cut  from  the  tree.  To  Neptune  with  his  trident  the 
Greeks  ascribed  divine  power.  A  French  journalist  has  been  indicted. 
The  valedictory  was  pronounced  in  December.  What  is  the  differ- 
ence between  addition  and  division  ?  We  may  easil\'  jjref^ici  the 
ruin  of  an  indolent  debtor.  How  many  maledictions  are  heaped  on 
dentists^*'.  The  reduction  of  the  public  debt  is  desirable.  The 
prisoner  w^as  doleful  because  he  was  in  duresse  vile.  An  educated 
man  is  known  by  his  accurate  use  of  language.  The  dandelion  is  a 
froductixK  plant.  The  pilgrims  received  the  priest's  benediction  be- 
fore setting  out  on  their  journey.  The  decinud  system  conduces  to 
the  saving  of  time. 

61.    EM'ERE:  e'mo,  emp'tum,  to  buy  or  take. 
empt:  exempt'  (-ion)  ;  per'emptory  (Lat.  adj.  peremipto'rius,  wholly 
taken  away),    decisive,   final ;    pre-empt' ;    pre-emp'tion,    the 
right  of  buying  before  others ;  redemp'tion. 


64  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Redeem'  (Lat.  v.  redim'ere,  to  buy  back) ;  redeem'er  ;  prompt 
(Lat.  ai}].  2}roiiip't US  =  pro-evip'tus,  tiilien  out;  hence,  ready); 
prompt'er;  prompt'itude ;  prompl'ness  ;  iuipromp'tu  (Lat.  in 
l^iromp' tu,  in  readiness). 

63.    ERRA'RE  :  er'ro,  erra'tum,  to  wander. 

err:  err,  -ant,  -antry  ;  er'ror  (Lat.  n.  er'ror)  ;    erro'neous  (Lat.  adj. 

erro'neiis,  erring). 
errat :    ervat'ic  ;'   erra'tum    (pL    er'rata),    a   mislake   in    printing; 

aberra'tion. 

63.    ES'SE,  to  be ;  en,  en'tis,  being. 

ent :  ab'sent  (-ee)  ;  ab'sence  ;  en'tity  ;  nonen'tity  ;  omnipres'ent 
(Lat.  adj.  om')m,  all)  ;  pres'ent  (-ation, -ly)  ;  represent' (-ation, 
-ative)  ;  misrepresent'. 

Es'sence  (Lat.  n.  essen'tia,  being)  ;  essen'tial  ;  quintes'sence 
(Lat.  adj.  quin'tus,  fifth),  the  highest  essence;  in'terest  (3d  per.s. 
sing.  pres.  iudic.  of  interes'se  —  it  interests  or  is  of  interest)  ; 
disin'terested. 

64.    FA'CERE  :  fa'cio,  fac'tum,  to  do  or  make  ;  French  Paire. 

f ac  :  face'tious  (Lat.  adj. /ace' iws,  merry) ;  fac'ile  (Lat.  adj. /a'ci- 
lis,  easily  done) ;  facil'ity  ;  facil'itate  ;  fac'ulty  (Lat.  n.  fa- 
cul'tas,  power,  ability)  ;  fac-sim'ile  (Lat.  adj.  sim'ilis,  like), 
literally,  ma/i:c  ^i/ce,  an  exact  copy;  facto'tum  (Lat.  adj.  to'tian, 
the  whole  ;  literally,  do  the  whole),  a  servant  of  all  work. 

fie:  ben'efice  (see  bene);  deficit  (literally,  it  is  wanting),  a  lack; 
deti'ciency  ;  defi'cient  ;  difficult  (Lat.  adj.  (Uffic'ilis,  arduous) ; 
efficacy  (Lat.  adj.  efficax,  effica'cis,  powerful)  ;  effi'cient,  caus- 
ing effects ;  office  (Lat.  n.  offic'imn,  a  duty);  officer  ;  offi'cial  ; 
offi'cious  ;  i)rofi'cient  ;  suHice',  literally,  to  make  up  what  is 
imnting  ;  sufU'cient. 

fact :  lact  ;  fac'tnr  ;  fac'tion,  a  parly  acting  in  opposition ;  fac'- 
tious  ;  facti'tious  (Lat.  adj.  faeti'tius,  artificial)  ;  benefac'tor  ; 
mauufac'ture  (Lat.  n.  ma'nus,  the  hand). 

feet:  affect' (-ation,  -ion);  disafi'cc'tiou  ;  coufec'tion,  literally,  made 


TITH   LATIN    ELEMENT.  65 

u-ith  sugar  (-er)  ;  delec-t'  (-ion, -ivc);  eft'ect'  (ive)  ;  cfFect'ual  ; 
infect'  (;ion)  ;  inlec'tious;  per'fect,  literally,  Ihoroacjhhj  made 
(-ion);  imper'fect  (-i(ju);  rel'ec'tion  ;  refec'tory. 
faire  (past  participle /((i<)  :  fash'ion  (Fr.  n.facon,  the  make  or  form 
of  a  tiling)  ;  fea'sible  (Old  Fr.  faisible,  that  may  be  done)  ;  feat  ; 
affair'  ;  coun'terfeit,  literally,  to  make  again,  to  imitate  ;  for'feit, 
(Fr.  V.  forfaire,  to  misdo),  to  lose  by  some  fault;  sur'feit,  v., 
to  overdo  in  the  way  of  eating. 

65.    FAL'LERE  :    fal'lo,   fal'sum,  to  deceive;  French  Faillir,  to  fall 
short  or  do  amiss. 

fall :  tal'lacy  ;  falla'cious  ;  fal'lible  ;  fallibil'ity  ;  infal'lible. 

fals  :  false  (-hood,  -ify)  ;  falset'to  (Ital.  u.  =  a  false  or  artificial  voice). 

fail :  fail'iire  ;  fault  (Old  Fr.  n.  faulte) ;  fault'y  ;  fal'ter  ;  default'  (-er). 

66.    FA'NUM,  a  temple. 

fan :  fane  ;  fanat'ic  (Lat.  adj.  fmat'icus,  literally,  one  inspired  by 
divinity  —  the  god  of  the  fixne),  a  xcild  enthusiast ;  fanat'ical  ; 
fanat'icism  ;  profane',  v.  (literally,  to  be  before  or  outside  of 
the  temple),  to  desecrate;  profane',  adj.,  «?Jio^(/ ;  profana'tion  ; 
profaii'ity. 

67.    FA'RI,  fa'tus,  to  speak. 

fat:  fate,  -al,  -ality,  -alism,  -alist  ;  prefatory. 

Affable  (Lat.  adj.  ajfah'ilis,  easy  to  be  .spoken  to)  ;  affabil'- 
ity  ;  ineffable  ;  in'fant  (Lat.  participle,  iufans,  infan'tis,  lit- 
erally, not  speaking)  C-ile,  -ine);  in'fancy;  nefa'rious  (Lat.  adj. 
nefa'rius,  impious)  ;  preface  (Fr.  n.  preface),  something  spoken 
or  ivritten  by  way  of  introduction. 

68.    FATE'RI:  fa'teor,  fas'sus  (in  comp.  fes'sus),  to  acknowledge,  to 

show. 

fess  :  confess'  (-ion,  -ional,  -or)  ;  profess'  (-ion,  -ional,  -or). 

69.    FE'LIX,  feli'cis,  happy. 

felic :  -ity,  -itous  ;  infelf  city  ;  feli'citate,  to  make  happy  by  con- 
(iratulatiov. 


66  AVORD-ANALYSLS. 

70.    FEN'DERE:  fen'do,  fen'sum,  to  keep  off,  to  strike.* 

fend  :  fend  (-er)  ;  defend'  (-er,  -ant)  ;  offend'  (-er). 
fens  :  defense'  (-ible,  -ive)  ;  olfense'  (-ive)  ;  fence  (n.  and  v.,  abbre- 
viated from  defence) ;  t  fencer  ;  fencing. 

71.    FER'RE  :  fe'ro,  la'tum,  to  bear,   to  carry. 

fer:  fer'tile  (Lat.  adj.  ftr'tilis,  bearing,  fruitful)  ;  fertil'ity  ;  fer'- 
tilize  ;  circuni'ference,  literally,  a  measure  carried  around  any- 
thing ;  confer',  to  consult ;  con'ference  ;  defer' ;  deference  ; 
deferen'tial ;  differ  (-ence,  -ent) ;  infer'  (-ence) ;  offer  ;  prefer' 
(-able,  -ence,  -nient) ;  proffer  ;  refer'  (-ee,  -ence)  ;  suf'l'er 
(-ance,  -able,  -er)  ;  transfer'  (-able,  -ence)  ;  coniferous  (Lat. 
n.  co'nus,  a  cone)  ;  florif'erous  (Lat.  n.  Jlos,  flo'ris,  a  flower); 
fructiferous  (Lat.  n./ruc'^us,  fruit)  ;  Lu'cifer  (Lat.  n.  hix,  lucis, 
light),  the  morning  or  evening  star,  Satan;  pestiferous  (Lat.  n. 
pes'tis,  pest,  plague). 

lat :  ab'lative  (literally,  carrying  away ;  the  sixth  case  of  Latin 
nouns)  ;  collate'  (-ion)  ;  dilate'  (-ory)  ;  elate' ;  ob'late,  flat- 
tened at  the  j)oles ;  obla'tion,  an  offering  ;  prel'ate  ;  prel'acy  ; 
pro'late,  elongated  at  the  poles ;  relate'  (-ion,  -ive)  ;  correla'- 
tion  ;  correl'ative  ;  supei-'lative  ;  translate'  (-ion)  ;  delay' (=dis 
-H  lat,  through  old  Fr.  A'erb  delayer,  to  put  off). 

72.    PERVE'BE:  fer'veo,  to  boil;  Fermen'tum,  leaven. 

f  erv  :  -ent, -ency, -id,  -or;  effervesce',  to  huhhle  or  froth  up  ;  effer- 

A'es'cence. 
ferment :  fer'ment,  -ation. 

73.    PES'TUS,  joyful,  merry. 

fast:  -al,  -ival,  -ive,  -ivity  ;  feast  (Old  Fr.  feast,  a  joyous  meal) ; 
fete  (modern  Fr.  ecjuivalent  of  feast),  a  festival;  festoon 
(Fr.  n.  feston,  originally  an  ornament  for  a  festival). 

•  Fen'do,  fen'dere.  is  usefl  in  Latin  only  in  composition, 
t  .\iiotlier  mode  of  siielling  ^ie/eiise. 


THE    LATIN    ELEMENT.  67 

74.    FID'ERE  :  fi'do,  to  trust ;  Fi'des,  faith  ;  Fide 'lis,  trusty. 

fid:  confide'  (-ant,  -ence,  -ent,  -eutiul)  ;  dit'lidence  ;  diffident; 
per'fidy  (per  =  through  iind  hence  away  from  good  faith); 
perfid'ious. 

fidel :  fidel'ity  ;  in'fidel  ;  intidel'ity. 

Fe'alty  (Old  Fr.  n.  fi'alte-  Lat.  fideVitas),  loy'alty ;  fidii'cial 
(Lat.  n.  fidu'cia,  trust) ;  fidu'ciary  ;  affi'ance,  to  2^ledge  faith, 
to  betroth ;  atfida'vit  (Lew  Lat.,  signifying,  literally,  he  made 
oath),  a  declaration  an  oath;  defy'  (Fr.  v.  rf(f^er,  originally, 
to  dissolve  the  bond  of  allegiance  ;  hence,  to  disown,  to  chal- 
lenge, to  brave). 

75.    FI'GERE  :  fi'go,  fix'um,  to  join,  fix,  pierce. 

fix :  affix' ;  cru'cifi.\  (Lat.  n.  crux,  cru'cis,  a  cross)  ;  cru'cify  ;  fix'- 
ture  ;  post'fix  ;  pre'fix  ;  suffix  (n.,  literally,  something  fixed 
below  or  on  ;  hence,  appended) ;  transfix',  to  fierce  through. 

76.    FIN'GERE :  fin'go,  fic'tum,  to  form,  to  feign ;  Figu'ra,  a  shape. 

fict :  fic'tion  ;  ficti'tious. 

figur  :  fig'ure  ;  figura'tion  ;   configura'tion  ;  disfig'ure  ;  prefig'ure ; 

transfig'ure. 

Feign  (Fr.  v.  feivdre,  feignant,  to  pretend) ;  feint  {feint,  past 

part,  oifeindre)  ;  effigy  (Lat.  n.  effig'ies,  an  image  or  likeness)  ; 

fig'ment  (Lat.  n.figmen'tum,  an  invention). 

FINIS.    (See  page  40). 

77.    FIR'MUS,  strong,  stable. 

firm:  firm;  firm'ness  ;  infirm'  (-ary, -ity);  fir'mament,  originally, 
firm  foundation  ;  affirm'  (-ation,  -ative);  confirm'  (-ation,  -ativt). 

78.    FLAM'MA,  a  stream  of  Are. 

flam:  flame  ;  inflame'  (-able,  -ation,  -atory). 

Flambeau'  (Fr.  n.  flambeau  from  v.  flamber,  to  lilaze)  ;  fla- 
min'go  (Span.  n.  flamenco),  a  bird  of  a  flaming  red  color. 


G8  WOIiD-AXALY.SIS. 

EXERCISE. 

Age  does  not  always  exempt  one  from  faults.  Peremptorjj  orders 
were  given  tluit  all  the  princes  should  be  prcserit  at  the  diet.  Many 
beneficial  results  must  come  from  the  introduction  of  drawing  into 
the  public  schools.  The  lady  is  affable  and  jicrfectly  free  from  affec- 
tation. Tlie  field  is  fertile  and  produces  abundant  crops.  The  p)ro- 
fessors  lecture  related  to  edentate  animals.  Men  sometimes  feign  a 
fealty  they  do  not  feel.  The  lady  professed  that  her  felicity  was  in- 
effable. The  King  seized  a.  flambeau  with  zeal  to  destroy.  It  is  a 
nefarious  act  to  make  a  false  affidavit.  Fanaticism  is  often  infectious 
The  confirmed  offender  had  issued  many  counterfeits.  Dickens  gives 
us  the  quintessence  of  the  facetious.  In  figure  the  earth  is  an  oblate 
spheroid. 

70.    FLEC'TERE  :  flec'to,  flex'um,  to  bend. 

fleet:  deflect'  (-ion)  ;  inflect'  (-ion)  ;  reflect'  (-ion,  -ive,  -or). 
flex  :  -ible,  -ile,  -ion,  -or  (a  muscle  that  bends  a  joint),  -ure  ;  flex'- 
uous  ;  flex'uose  ;  cir'cumflex  ;  re'flex. 

80.  FLOS,  flo'ris,  a  flower. 
flor :  -al,  -et,  -id,  -ist ;  Flo'ra,  the  goddess  of  fioioers ;  flor'iculture 
(Lat.  n.  cidtu'ra,  cultivation);  floril'erous  (Lat. -v.  fer're.,  to 
bear) ;  flor'in  (originally,  a  Florentine  coin  with  a  lily  on  it)  ; 
flour  (literally,  the  fiower  or  choicest  jjart  of  wheat)  ;  flow'er 
(-et,  -y)  ;  flour'ish  (Lat.  v.  fiores'cere,  to  begin  to  blossom,  to 
prosper)  ;  efllores'cence  ;  eftlores'cent. 

FLUERE.     (See  page  41.) 
81.    FCE'DUS,  foed'eris,  a  league  or  treaty. 
feder:  fed'eral  ;  fed'eralist  (in  the  United  States  a  member  of  tlie 
party  tliat  favored  a  strong  league  of  the  States) ;  fed'erate  ; 
confed'erate  ;  confed'eracy  ;  confedera'tion. 

82.    FO'LIUM,  a  leaf. 

foil:  -aceous,   -age,  -ate  ;    fo'lio  (ablative  case  nf  fn'lium.  a  leaf), 
a   boolc   innde  of  shn'ts  fuldcd   oiwe ;   exfo'liatc,   to  come  ofi' in 


THE    LATIN    ELEMENT.  69 

scales;  foil,  a  thia  leaf  of  metal;  tie'f'uil,  a  jilant  icith  three  (tres) 
leaves;  ciuque'lbil  (Fr.  cinque,  five). 

83.    FOR'MA,  shape,  form. 

form:  form  (-sil,  -alily)  ;  confonii'  (-able,  -ation,  -ity)  ;  deform' 
(-ity)  ;  inform'  (-ant,  -er,  -ation)  ;  perform'  (-ance,  -er) ;  re- 
form' (-ation,  -atory,  -er) ;  transform'  (-ation)  ;  for'mula  (Lat. 
n.  for'mula,  pi.  for'mulce,  a  little  form,  a  model)  ;  for'mulate  ; 
mul'tiform  (Lat,  adj.  'uiul'tas,  many);  n'niform  (Lat.  adj.  u'nus, 
one). 

84.    FOR'TIS,  strong. 

fort:  fort;  ior'tvess,  a  fortified  place  ;  for'tify  ;  fortifica'tion  ;  for'ti- 
tude ;  com'fort,  n.,  something  that  strengthens  or  cheers  (-able,  -er, 
-less);  discom'fort;  ei'iovt,  a  jmtting  forth  of  one's  strength;  force 
(Fr.  n.  force,  strength);  for'cible ;  enforce' (-ment) ;  reinforce' 
(-ment). 

85.    FRAN'GERE :  fran'go,  frac'tum,  to  break;  Fra'gilis,  easily- 
broken. 

f  raug,  f  riug  :  fran'gible  (-ibility)  ;  infran'gible  ;  infringe'  (-ment) ; 
refran'gible. 

f  ract :  frac'tion;  frac'tious  ;  fract'ure  ;  infract' (-ion) ;  refract' '(-ion, 
-ory) . 

Fra'gile ;    frag'ment  ;    frail   (old   Fr.  adj.  fraile  =  Lat.  fra'- 
gilis) ;  frail'ty. 

86.    FRA'TER,  fra'tris,  a  brother;  Frater'nus,  brotherly. 

fratr:  frat'ricide  (Lat.  v.  cced'ere,  to  kill).     . 
fratern  :  -al,  -ity,  -ize  ;  confrater'nity. 

Fri'ar  (Fr.  i\.  frere,  a  brother);  fri'ary. 

87.    FRONS,  fron'tis,  the  forehead. 

front  :  front  (-age,  -al,  -less,  -let)  :  affront';  confront'  ;  effront'ery  ; 
fron'tier  (Yv.  n.  frnntiere);  front'ispiece  (Lat.  w.  frontispi'cinri}. 
from /ro7is  and  52'^c'ere,  to  view  ;  literally,  that  which  is  seen  in 
front). 


70  AVOllD-ANALYSIS. 

88     FB,U'OR  :  frue'tus,  to  enjoy;  Fru'ges,  corn  ;  French  Fruit,  fruit. 
fruct:    -iiy,  -ification  ;  fructiferous  (Lat.  x.ftr'ir,  to  bear). 
frug:    -al,  -ality;  frugiferous  (Lat.  x.fer're,  to  bear). 
fruit :   fruit ;  fruit'eier ;  fruit'ful ;  frui'tion. 

89.    FU'GERE:   fu'glo,  fu'gitum,  to  flee. 

fug  :  fuga'uions  ;  ceiitril'ugal  (Lat.  ii.  ccn'trum,  the  center) ;  feb'i'i- 
fuge  (Lat.  n.  fe'bris,  fever)  ;  fugue  (Lat.  n.  fu'(j((,  a  flight),  a 
musical  composition ;  refuge  (-ee) ;  siib'terfuge ;  ver'anifiige 
(Lat.  n.  ver'mis,  a  worm). 

fugit :  fu'gitive  (adj.  and  n.). 

90.    FU'MUS,  smoke. 

f um  :  fume;  fu'iiiid  ;  fumiferons  (Lat.  v. /t'r'rf,  to  T)ear),  ^^rofh/an^/ 
smoke;  fu'matory,  a  i)lant  tcith  hitter  leares ;  per'fume  (-er,  -ery). 
Fu'migate  (Lat.  v.  fumifju're,  fumwja'tum,  to  .smoke),  to  disin- 
fect;  fumiga'tion  ;  fu'migatory. 

91.    FUN'DERE  :  fun'do,  fu'stim,  to  pour. 

fund  :   refund' ;   found  (Fr.  v.  fondre  —  Lat.  fnu'dere),  to  form  hy 

pouring  into  a  moidd   (-er, -ery) ;    confound' (Fr.  a'.   confondre, 

literally,  to  pour  together ;  hence,  to  confuse). 
f  us  :    fu.se  (-ible,  -ion);   confuse' (-ion) ;  diffuse' (-ion, -ive);  effuse' 

(-ion,  -ive)  ;  infuse'  (-ion)  ;  profuse'  (-ion) ;  refuse'  (-alj ;  suffuse' 

(-ion);  transfuse'  (-ion). 

92.    GEK'ERE :  ge'ro,  ges'tum,  to  bear  or  carry. 

ger:  ger'und,  a  Latin  verbal  noun;  bellig'erent  (Lat.  n.  hcl'lum, 
war)  ;  con'geries  (Lat.  n.  cowje'ries,  a  collection) ;  vicege'rent 
(Lat.  ri'ce,  in  place  of),  one  hearing  ride  in  place  of  another. 

gest :  ge.st'ure  ;  gestic'ulate  (Lat.  n.  gcsfic'idus,  a  mimic  gesture) ; 
gesticula'tion  ;  congest'  (-ion,  -ive)  ;  digest',  literally,  to  carry 
apart :  hence,  to  dissolve  food  in  the  stomach  (-il)le,  -ion,  -ive) ; 
suggest',  literally,  to  hear  into  the  mind  from  helow,  that  is,  indi- 
rrctly  (-ion,  -ive)  ;  reg'ister  (Lat.  v.  reger'ere,  to  carry  back,  to 
record) ;  rcg'istrar  ;  rogistra'tion  ;  rcg'istry. 


THE   LATIN    ELKMKNT.  71 

93.    GIG'NEKE  :  gig'no,  gen'itum,  to  beget ;  Gens,  gen'tis,  a  clan  or 
uation  ;  Ge'nus,  gen'eris,  a  kind. 

genit :  geii'itiv'e,  a  case  of  Latin  7iou)is  ;  cuiigeu'ital,  born  icith  one  ; 
priiuogeu'itor  (Lat.  adj.  ^rt'outs,  first),  an  ancestor  ;  primogcu'i- 
tnve,  state  of  being  first  born;  progea'itor,  an  ancestor. 

gout :  genteel'  (Lat.  adj.  genti'lis,  pertaining  to  the  same  clan  ; 
hence,  of  good  family  or  birth)  ;  gentil'ity ;  gen'tle  (genti'lis, 
of  good  birth),  mild,  refined  ;  gen'try  (contracted  from  gentler}'), 
a  class  in  English  society ;  gen' tile,  belonging  to  a  nation  other 
than  the  Jewish. 

geiier  :  gen'eral  (-ity,  -ize)  ;  gen'erate  (Lat.  v.  genera're,  genera' turn, 
to  produce)  ;  genera'tiou  ;  regenera'tion  ;  generic  ;  gen'erous  ; 
generos'ity  ;  con'gener,  of  the  same  kind;  degen'erate,  to  fall 
off  from  the  original  kind  ;  degen'eracy. 

Gen'der  (Fr.  n.  genre  =  hut.  ge'nus,  gen'eris),  the  kind  of  a 
noun  as  regards  the  sex  of  the  object ;  genial  (Lat.  adj.  genia'lis, 
cheerful)  ;  gen'iu*  (Lat.  n.  genius,  originally,  the  divine  nature 
innate  in  everything)  ;  gen'uine  (Lat.  adj.  genui'nus,  litei-ally, 
proceeding  i'roni  the  original  .stock  ;  hence,  natural,  true);  ge'- 
nus, a  kind  including  many  .species  ;  engen'der  (Fr.  v.  engen- 
drer,  to  beget)  ;  ingen'ious  (Lat.  adj.  ingenio'sus,  acute,  clever) ; 
ingen'uous  (Lat.  adj.  ingen'uus,  frank,  .=;incere). 

91.    GRA'DI :  gra'dior,  gres'sus,  to  walk. 

grad :  grada'tion ;  gra'dient  (gra'diois,  gradien'tis,  pres.  part,  of  v. 
gradi),  rale  of  ascent,  grade ;  grad'ual  (Lat.  n.  gradus,  a  .step); 
grad'uate  ;  degrade'  (-ation);  ingre'dient  (Lat.  i)art.  ingre'diens, 
entering)  ;  ret'rograde. 

gress  :  aggres'sion  ;  aggres'sive  ;  con'gress  (-ional)  ;  digress'  (-ion); 
e'gress  ;  in'gress  ;  prog'ress  (-ion,  -ive) ;  retrogres'sion  ;  trans- 
gress' (-ion,  -or). 

Grade  (Fr.  n.  grade  =  Lat.  gradus,  degree  or  rank) ;  degree' 
(Fr.  n.  degre  =  de  -\-  gradus). 

95.    GKA'TUS,  thankful,  pleasing. 

grat :  grate'ful  ;  gra'tis  (Lat.  gra'tiis,  by  favoi',  for  nothing)  grat'- 
ilude  ;  gratu'ity  ;  gratu'itous ;  grat'ily  (-ication) ;  congrat'nlate 
(-ion,  -ory) ;  ingra'tiatc. 


72  WOKD-ANALYSIS.     • 

Grace  (Fr.  grace  —  Lat.  gra'tia,  favor,  grace)  ;  grace'ful  ;  gra'- 
cious ;  grace'le.s.s  ;  disgrace' ;  agree'  (Fr.  v.  acjre'er,  to  receive 
kindly),  -able,  -lueiit ;  disagree'. 

06.    GRA'VIS,  heavy. 
grav  :  grave,  literally,  heavy :  hence,  serious  ;  grav'ity  ;  gravita'tion  ; 
ag'gravate  (-ionj. 

Grief  (Fr.  grief  =  Lat.  gra'vis),  literally,  heaviness  of  spirit, 
sorruio ;  grieve;  griev'ance  ;  griev'ous. 

GREX.    (See  page  ^l  ) 

97.     HABE'RE:  ha'beo,   hab'itum,  to  have  or  hold;    HABITA'RE, 
hab'ito,  habita'tum,  to  use  freq^uently,  to  dwell. 

habit:  babit'ual ;  habit'uate;  hab'itude  ;  bab'itable  ;  bab'itat,  tlie 
cultural  abode  of  an  anivial  or  a  plant  ;  babita'tion  ;  cobab'it  ; 
inbab'it  (-able,  -antj. 

liibit :  exhib'it,  literally,  to  hold  out,  to  shov;  (-ion,  -or) ;  inbib'it 
(-ion)  ;  probib'it  (-ion,  -cry). 

Hab'it  (Lat.  hah'itns,  state  or  dress)  ;  babirinicnt  (Fr.  n.  ha- 
billcvient,  from  v.  liahillcr,  to  dress)  ;  a'ble  (Lat.  adj.  Jiah'ilis.  lit- 
erally, that  may  be  easily  held  or  managed  ;  hence,  apt,  skillful). 

98.    H^RE'RE:  hae'reo,  hae'sum,  to  stick. 
her:    adhere'    (-ency,    -ent);    cohert;'    (-ence,  -ency, -cnt) ;    inhere' 

(-ent). 
hes:  adhe'sion  ;  adhe'sive  ;  cohe'sion  ;  cohe'sive. 

Hes'itate  (Lat.  v.  hivsila're,  hcvsita'tum,  to  be  at  a  stand,  to 
doubt)  ;  hes'itancy  ;  hesita'tion. 

99.    H./E'RES,  haere'dis,  an  heir  or  heiress ;  French  Heriter,  to  be  heir  to. 

lierecl :  hered'itary,  descending  to  heirs. 

herit:  her'italde  ;  her'itnge  ;  inher'it  (-anceV,  disinher'it. 

Heir  (Old  Fr. /it'i/'=  Lat. /tcc're.s);  heiress;  heir'loom  (Anglo- 
Saxon  gclomn,  goods). 

100.    HO'MO,  hom'inis,  a  man ;  Huma'nus,  human. 
hoin  :  lioni'age  (Fr.  Junnmagc,  litei'ally,  ackiiowlt'dguient  by  a  man 
or  vassal  to  bis  feudal  lord  )  ;  hom'icide  (Lat.  v.  cml'ere,  to  kill ). 


Till-:    LATIN    ELEMKXT.  73 

human :  hu'inan,  helonghuj  to  a  man  ;  liumaiie',  havincj  the  feelings 
l)roper  to  a  man,  kind ;  liuiuaii'ity  ;  bu'nianize  ;  inhu'man. 

EXEKCISK. 

Floral  devices  were  tastefully  introduced.  The  friar  gives  himsoli' 
to  reflection,  and  does  not  care  a  florin  for  worldly  i)leasureR.  The 
tree  is  covered  \\\{\\  foliage,  Init  bears  no  fruit.  The  rights  of  the 
fraternity  have  been  infringed.  The  metal  was  fused  in  ii-oii  jians. 
By  the  law  ol'  primogOiiture  the  eldest  son  will  succeed  to  the  estate. 
Congress  met,  and  a  general  of  the  army  was  chosen  president.  The 
gradient  is  gentle,  and  the  access  easy.  The  reform  of  the  refractory  was 
in  the  highest  degree  genuine.  We  received  our  frugal  meal  with 
gratitude.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  perished  in  the  flames.  Hamil- 
ton and  Jay  were  leading  federalists.  To  err  is  human  ;  to  forgive, 
divine.  The  boy  gesticulated  violently,  but  it  was  a  mere  subterfuge. 
Your  words  infuse  comfort  into  my  heart.  May  one  not  be  linman 
without  being  humane  ?  Do  you  know  the  difference  between  the 
geifitive  and  the  ablative  case  ? 

101.    HU'MUS,  the  earth  ;  Hu'milis,  on  the  giound,  lowly. 

hum  :  exhunie'  (-ation) ;  inhimie. 

humil :  humil'ity  ;  humil'iate  (-ion);  hum'ble  (Fr.  adj.  humUe  = 
Lat.  Iiu'milis). 

IKE.    (See  page -11) 

10:2.    JA'CERE:  ja'cio,  jac'tum,  to  throw  or  cast. 

ject :  ali'ject  ;  adjective;  conject'ure  (-al)  ;  deject 'ed;  dejec'tion  ; 
eject'  (-ion,  -ment)  ;  inject'  (-ion)  ;  interject'  (-ion)  ;  object' 
(■-ion,  -ionable,  -ive,  -or) ;  ])roject'  (-ile,  -ion,  -or) ;  reject'  (-ion) ; 
subject'  (-ion,  -ive)  ;  traject'ory. 

Ejae'idate  (Lat.  v.  ejucula're,  ejacnla' lum,  to  hurl  or  throAV )  ; 
ejacula'tiou  ;  ejac'ulatory  ;  jet  (Fr.  \.  jeter—ja'ccrc) ;  jet'ty;  jut. 

103.    JUN'GERE  :  jun'go,  junc'tum,  to  join  ;  Ju'gum,  a  yoke. 

juuct :  junc'tinn  ;  junct'ure,  a  jmint  of  time  made  critical  hy  a  join- 
ing of  circumstances ;  ad'junct;  conjunc'tion  ;  conjunc'tive  ;  dis- 


74  WOIID-ANALYSIS. 

junc'tinii  ;    disjuuc'tive  ;    injunc'tion  ;    snbjuiic'tive    (literally, 
juiued  subordinately  to  something  else). 
jug:  con'jugal,  relating  to  marriage;  con 'jugate  (-ion);  sub'jugate 
(-ion). 

Join  {Yr.  v.  joind  re  =  liat.  jun'gere)  ;  adjoin';  conjoin';  dis- 
join'; enjoin';  rejoin';  subjoin';  joint  (Fr.  part,  j'oih/ =  Lat. 
June' turn)  ;  joint'ure,  jJro29er^(/  settled  on  a  wife,  to  be  enjoyed 
after  her  husband's  death  ;  jun'ta  (Spanish  juntas  Lat.  junc'tus, 
joined),  a  grand  council  of  state  in  Spain ;  jun'to  (Span,  junt), 
a  bodg  of  men.  united  for  some  secret  iittrigue. 

104.    JURA'KE  :  jii'ro,  jura'tum,  to  swear. 

jur:  ju'ry  ;  ju'ror  ;  aljure'  ;  adjure'  ;  conjure'  ;  con'jure,  to  effect 
sornelhing  as  if  bij  an  oath  of  magic  ;  con'jurei' ;  per'jure,  to 
forsioear ;  per'jurer  ;  perjury. 

105.    JUS,  ju'ris,  right  law  ;  Jus'tus,  lawful  ;  Ju'dex,  ju'dicis,  a  judge. 

jur  :  juriirical  (Lat.  v.  dica'rc,  to  pronounce),  relating  to  the  admin- 
istration of  justice ;  jurisdic'tion,  legal  authoritij ;  jurispru'dence, 
science  of  law ;  ju'rist  ;  in'jure  ;  in'jury. 

just  :  just  ;  jus'tice  ;  justi'ciary  ;  jus'til'y  ;  justifica'tion. 

judic  :  ju'dicalure,  professioii  of  a  judge ;  judi'cious,  according  to 
snnnd  judgment;  prej'udice,  ii.,  jiulgment  formed  beforeliand ; 
prejudi'cial ;  judge  (Fr.  \\.  jvgc  =\j;\i.  ju'dex);  judg'nient ;  pre- 
judge'. 

100.    LE'GEKE  :  le'go,  lec'tum,  to  gather,  to  read. 

leg  :  le'gend  (originally,  stories  of  saints  to  be  read  —  Irgcn'da  —  in 
church)  ;  leg'endar}'  ;  leg'ible  ;  le'gioii  (originally,  a  body  oi' 
troo\-)B  gathered  or  levied — le'gio);  el'egance  ;  el'egant  ;  sac'ri- 
lege  (originally,  the  gathering  or  stealing  of  sonielliing  sacred 
—  sa'crum). 

lig :  (lirigcnt  (originally,  esteeming  highly;  hence,  assiduous); 
el'igilih;  ;  intel'ligible  ;  intel'ligence  ;  inlel'ligent  ;  iieg'ligent 
(literally,  not  —  neg  =  nee  =  not  —  ])icking  up). 

le'-t :    Icrt'ure    (-er)  ;    collect'    (-ion,    -ive,    -or)  ;   recollect'   (-ion")  ; 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  75 

eclec'tic  (Greek  ec  =  ex);  elect' (-ion,  -or,  -oral);  in'tellect  ; 
neglect';  i^redilec'tion,  a /i7i:i»^ /or;  select'  (-ion);  le.s'sou  (Fr. 
n.  lc^07i  =  Lat.  Icc'tio,  a  reuiling). 

107.    LEVA'KE  :  le'vo,  leva'tum,  to  raise  ;  Le'vis,  easily  raised,  light; 
French  Lever,  to  rise  or  raise. 

lev:  lev'ity  ;  levita'tion  ;  alle'viate  (-ion)  ;  el'evale  (-ion)  ;  rel'- 
evant,  literally,  raising  up :  hence,  ijertiacnt,  applicahle ;  rel'e- 
vancy;  ii-rel'evant. 

lever:  leav'en  (Fr.  levain,  yeast);  Levant',  literally,  the  place  of  the 
risiny  san  —  the  countries  near  the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea;  lev'ee  ;  le'ver  (-age) ;  lev'3^ 

LEX.    (Soe  rage  43  ) 
lOS.    LI'BEK,  free. 

liber :  -al,  -ality,  -alize,  -ate,  -ator,  -ty. 

Deliv'er   (Fi-.   v.  dilivrer  —  hnX..  deliheraWe,  to  set  free);  de- 
liv'erance  ;  deliv'ery. 

LITERA.    (See  page  43.) 
109.    LO'CUS,  a  place. 

loc  :  -al,  -ality,  -alize,  -ate  ;  locoino'tive  (Lat.  v.  move're,  to  move) ; 
al'locate  ;  col'locate  (-ionj  ;  dislocate  (-ion). 

110.    LO'QUI :  lo'quor,  locu'tus,  to  speak. 

loqu  :  lo(jna'cious  ;  loij^ua'city  ;   col'loquy  ;   collo'quial  ;   el'oquent  ; 

magnil'oquent   (Lat.   ailj.   omuj'nus,  Ijig,   pompous)  ;  ob'loquy  ; 

solirociny  (Lat.  adj.  st/lat:,  alone)  ;   ventrii'oquist  (Lat.  n.  ven'- 

ter,  the  stomach). 
locut :  circiunlocu'tion  ;  elocu'tion  ;  interloc'utor. 

111.    LU'DEKE:  lu'do,  lu'sum,  to  play  or  deceive. 
lud  :  lu'dici'oas   (Lat.   adj.  Iwdicnis,  sportive,  laughable);  allude', 

literally,    to  play   at,    to  refer  to  indirecthj ;   delude';   elude'; 

preludfc;'. 
lus :  allu'sion  ;    collu'siun  ;   delu'biou  ;    delu'.-3ive  ;   illu'sion  ;  jjre- 

lu'.sive  ;  prelu'sory. 


76  ■^voPvD-A^;ALYSIS. 

112.    LUX,  lu'cis,  liglit ;  Lu'men,  lu'minis,  light, 

liic  :  Lu'cil'ev  (Lat.  x.fer're,  to  bear)  ;  lu'eid  ;  elu'cidate  ;  tianslu'ceut. 
luiniu  :  lu'minary ;  lu'iuinou.s  ;  illu'miiiate  ;  illu'niiue. 

113.    MAG'NUS,  great ;   Ma'j or,  greater ;  Magis'ter,  master. 

inagn  :   inagnaniin'ity   (Lat.  ii.  an'imas,   soul)  ;    inay'uate,   a  man 

of  rank;  mag'nify  (-er)  ;  luagnil'iceiit  (Lat.  \,  fac'ere,  to  make). 

showing  grandeur  ;  luag'nitude. 
maj  :  maj'esty  (-ic)  ;  nia'jnr  (-ity)  ;  may'or  ;  may'oralty. 
niagister :   mag'istrate  ;    luag'istracy  ;    magiste'iial  ;    auas'ter  (Old 

Fr.   ma'i stre  =  h'dt.    magis'ter);   mis'tress  (Old  Fr.  maislr»sse  = 

Lat.  magis'tra,  fuiu.  oi'  magis'ter). 

114.    MA'NUS,  the  hand;  French  Main,  the  hand. 

man  :  man'acle  (Lat,  n.  man'ica,  a  fetter)  ;  iiumiji'iilate,  to  work 
with  the  hand  (-ion,  -or)  ;  iiian'ual  ;  nuniul'act'ure  (Lat.  v. 
fac'ere,  to  make)  ;  maimt'ac'tory  ;  manumit'  (Lat.  a-,  mit'tcre, 
to  send) ;  man'uscript  (Lat.  v.  scrih'cre,  scrij/ttim,  to  write) ; 
amauuen'sis  (=  ah  -f  ma'iius),  one  loho  does  handwriting  for 
another;  emau'cipate  (Lat.  v.  caf'ere,  to  take);  qiuulrii'manous 
(Lat.  quutuor.  i'our). 

main :  man'iier  (Fr.  n.  maniere,  originally,  the  mode  in  ■\vliieh  a 
thing  is  handled) ;  maneu'ver  (Fr.  n.  manonivre,  literally,  hand 
■\vork  ;  Fr.  n.  oeuvre  —  o''ims,  ■work)  ;  manure',  v-  (contracted  Irom 
Fr.  manceiivrer,  to  cultivate  by  manual  labor). 

11").    MA'RE,  the  sea. 
Marine'  (Lat.  adj.  muri'ims,  pertaining  to  the  sea) ;  mar'iner  ; 
mar'itime  (Lat.  adj.  mariti'mus  =  mari'nus) ;  submarine' ;  trans- 
marine';  \dtraniarine';  mermaid  (Fr.  n.  mer  =  'L-di.  ma'rc). 

110.    ME'DIUS,  the  middle. 

I\ledia3'val  (Lat.  n.  (c'vnvi,  age),  relating  to  the  Middle  Ages  ; 
me'diate  (-ion,  -or)  ;  me'diocie  (Lat.  adj.  mcdio'cris,  middling  ; 
hence  inferior),;  medioc'rity;  Mediterra'jiean  (l^al.  n.  terra, 
land);  me'dium  (Lat.  n.  mc'dium,  the  middh-)  ;  iiume'diale 
(preli.x  2)i.  =  not),  vjith  nothing  intervening  ;  interme'diate. 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  77 

117.  MEMINIS'SE:  mem'ini,  toremem'ber ;  Me'mor,  mindful;  MEM- 
ORA'KE  :  mem'oro,  memora'tum,  to  remember,  to  mention. 

inemitiisse  :  niemeii'to  (iini)er.  mood  ;  literally,  remember  (Iiou),  a 

reminder,  a  metnorial. 
memor :  mem'orable  ;  memoran'dum  (Lat.  memoran'dns,  p.  part,  of 

memora're  ;  literally,  something  to  be  rememljered)  ;  commem'- 

orate  (-ion,  -ive) ;  mem'ory  (Lat.  n.  memo'ria)  ;  memo'rial  (-ize) ; 

inimemo'rial. 

Mem'oir(Fr.  n.  memoire  =  'LRt.memoran'durn);  meu'tion  (Fr. 

n.  mentions  Lat.  men' Ho,  a  speaking  of);  remeni'ber  (Old  Fr.  v. 

remembrer  =  Lat.  remem'orare) ;  remem'brance  ;  remem'brancer ; 

remini.s'cence    (Fr.  n.   reminiscence,  from  Lat.  v.  reminis'ci,  to 

recall  to  mind). 

118.    MENS,  men'tis,  the  mind. 

ment :  men'tal  ;  dement'ed  ;  demen'tia,  insanity ;  A'e'hement  (Lat. 
adj.  ve'heme7is  =  ve,  not,  and  mens;  literally,  not  reasonable), 
furious,  ardent. 

EXERCISE. 

We  reject  insincere  homage.  "When  the  body  was  exhumed  the 
jury  decided  that  poison  had  been  administered.  Legendary  stories 
Avere  related  by  the  friar.  The  lessons  were  selected  with  intelligence. 
Levity  and  gravity  are  different  qualities.  The  mayor's  speech  was 
more  ludicrous  than  facetious.  The  magistrate  claimed  jurisdiction  in 
the  locality.  We  heard  Hamlet's  soliloquy  finely  delivered.  Do  yon 
recollect  the  magnificent  lines  at  the  beginning  of  "  Paradise  Lost"  ? 
The  lecturer  was  lucid  in  his  cdliisions.  In  medircval  times  homage 
was  exacted  of  all  vassals.  The  mariners  maneuvered  beantifuUy. 
Your  magnificent  donation  will  be  gratefully  remembered.  The  mer- 
maid is  a  mere  delusion.  Illegible  manuscript  is  a  decided  nuisance. 
The  eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranecm  is  called  the  Levant.  Frank- 
lin's memoirs  are  very  interesting. 

119.    MER'CES,  hire;  Merx,  mer'cis,  merchandise. 
mere :  mer'cantile    (Lat.    part,  mei-'cans,   mercan'tis) ;   mer'cenary 
(Lat.  adj.  mercena'rius)  ;  mer'cer  (Fr.  n.  mercier),  one  who  deals 


( 8  AVOED-ANALYSIS. 

in  silks  and  woolens;  mer' chant  (Lat.  part,  mer'cans)  ;  mer'chan- 
dise  ;  com'merce  (Fr.  n.  commerce) ;  commer'cial  ;  mai''ket  (Lat. 
n.  mcrca'tus,  a  place  of  public  traffic). 

120.    MER'GERE  :   mer'go,  mer'sum,  to  dip,  to  sink. 

nierg :  merge  ;  emerge'  ;  emer'gency,   that  which  arises  suddenly ; 

submerge'. 
mers  :  emer'sion  ;  immerse'. 

121.    MIGRA'KE  :  migro,  migra'tum,  to  remove. 

niigr  :  em'igrant  (Lat,  part,  mi'gnois,  migran'tis). 

migrat :  mi'grate  (-ion,  -ory)  ;  em'igrate  (-ion)  ;  im'migrate  (-ion)  ; 

transmigra'tion,   the  imssarje  of  the  soul  into  another  body  after 

death. 

122.    MI'LES,  mil'itis,  a  soldier. 

iiiilit :  -ary,  -ant  ;  miritate,  to  act  against ;  mili'tia,  enrolled  sol- 
diers not  in  a  standing  army. 

123.    MINE'RE  :   min'eo,  min'itum,  to  hang  over. 

min  :  eni'inent  (Lat.  part,  em'inens,  standing  out);  em'inence  ;  im'- 
minent,  literally,  threatening  to  fall;  pre-em'inent  ;  pre-eni'- 
inence  ;  prom'inent  ;  prom'inence  ;  superem'inent. 

124.    MINU'ERE  :   min'uo,  minu'tum,  to  lessen;  Mi'nor,  less; 
Mi'nus,  le.=s. 

niiiiut :  minute' ;  minu'tiae  (pL  of  Lat.  n.  minu'tia,  a  very  small 
object) ;  min'uend  (Lat.  part,  minuen'dus,  to  lie  lessened) ;  min'- 
uet  (Fr.  n.  minuet  =  Lat.  adj.  minv'tus,  small),  a  dance  of  small 
steps;  dimin'ish  (Lat.  v.  diminu' ere,  to  lessen);  diminu'tion  ; 
dimin'utive. 

minor  :  mi'nor,  n.  and  a.  ;  minor'ity. 

iniiius  :  mi'nus  (Lat.  adj.  comp.  cleg.,  less) ;  min'imum  (Lat.  adj. 
super,  deg.,  least)  ;  niiu'iiu. 

125.    MINIS'TER,  a  servant  or  attendant. 

minister:  min'ister;  miiiistt/iial  ;  min'istrv  ;  admin'ister  ;  admin- 
istra'tiou  ;  admiu'istrative  ;  adnuuistra'ttn-. 


THE    LATIN    ELEMENT.  79 

128.    MIBA'RI:   mi'ror,  mira'tus,  to  wonder. 
mil*:  aduiiif'  (-able,  -atioii)  ;    mii'acle  (Lat.  n.  mirac'ulum,  a  won- 
cUiiul  thinj,')  ;  mirac'ulous. 

M'rage'  (Fr.  n.  mirafjc.  a  reflection);  mir'ror  (Fr.  n.  miroir, 
j'lini  V.  mircr,  to  view). 

121.    MISCE'RE:  mis'ceo,  mix'tum,  to  mingle. 
mis*'  :  inis'cellaiiy  ;  niisci'lla'iif'i>us  ;  proiuis'i-uous. 
mijvt  :  mix  ;  mi.\t'ure  ;  admixt'ure  ;  intermix'. 

128.    MI'SEE,  wretched. 
n'.iaer:  nii'ser  (-able");  mi^'ery  ;  coniiuis'eratj  (-ion). 

129.    MITTERE:  mit'to,  mis'sum,  to  send  or  cast. 

luit :  admit'  (-ance) ;  commit'  (-ee,  -ment)  ;  demit' ;  emit' ;  inter- 
niii'  (-ent);  manumit'  (Lat.  n.  manus,  the  band),  to  release  from 
slavery;  omit';  permit';  pretermit';  remit'  (-ance);  !<ubmit' ; 
transmit' ;  mit'timus  (Lat.  we  send),  a  warrant  of  commitment 
to  prison. 

;.iiss:  vni.'^'sile ;  mis'sion  (-arv);  admis'sible ;  admi.s'sion  ;  com'mis- 
sary,  au  officer  ichu  furnishes  provisions  for  an  army;  commis- 
.sri'riat  ;  commis'sion  (-er)  ,  com'promise ;  demise',  death;  em'- 
issary  ;  intermis'sion  ;  omis'sion  ;  permis'sion  ;  premise' ;  prem'- 
ises  ;  prom'ise  (-ory)  ;  remiss'  (-ion) ;  siibmis'siou  ;  submis'- 
sive  ;  transmis'sion  ;  transmis'sible. 

.30-    MODERA'RI:  mod'eror,   modera'tus,  to  keep  within  tounds ; 
Mo'dus,  a  nieasiu'e  or  manner. 

moderat:  mod'erate  (-ion,  -or);  immod'erate. 

mod  :  mode  ;  mood  ;  mod'ify  (-able,  -er) ;  modifica'lion  ;  accom'- 
modate  (-ion) ;  commode'  (Lat.  adj.  com'modxis,  convenient), 
a  small  sideboard ;  commo'dious,  literally,  measured  with;  com- 
mod'ity,  literally,  a  convenience;  incommode';  mod'ern  (Lat. 
adv.  mo'do,  lately,  just  now) ;  mod'ernize ;  mod'ulate  (Lat.  n, 
mod'ulus.  a  measuring  of  tones)  ;  modula'tion. 

131.    MONE'RE  :  mo'neo,  mon'itum,  to  remind,  to  warn. 
men  :  adinon'ish  ;  moii'ument  (Lat.  n.  monumen' turn);  premon'isb  ; 


80  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

suiu'mon  (Lat.  v.  sumvionc're  =  sub  +  mone're,  to  remind  privily), 
to  call  by  aidJiority. 
monit :  luon'itor  (-ial);  adiuoiii'tion  ;  admon'itory  ;  premoni'tioii ; 
premou'ilory. 

132.    MONS,  mon'tis,  a  mountain. 

mount :  mount,  n.  a  high  hill ;  v.  to  rise  or  ascend  ;  momi'taiii  (-eer, 
-ous) ;  mount'ebauk  (It.  n.  banco,  a  bench) ;  amount' ;  dis- 
mount';  par'amount  (Fr.  ^ar=Lat.  per,  exceedingly),  of  the 
hic/hcst  importance  ;  prom'ontory  (literally,  the  /oj'e-part  or  jsro- 
jecting  part  of  a  mountain);  remount';  surmount'  (-able); 
tan'tamount  (Lat.  adj.  tan'tus,  so  much);  ultramon'tane  (liter- 
ally, beyond  the  Alps  ;  i.  e.  on  the  Italian  side). 

133.    MONSTRA'RE:  mon'stro,  monstra'tum,  to  point  out.  to  show. 

monstr  :  inon'ster  ;   inon'strous  ;    monstros'ity  ;   nuis'ter,  literally, 

to  show  i(p,  to  display. 
moustrat:  dem'onstrate  (-able, -ion,  -ive);  remon'strate  ;  remon'- 

.strance. 

134.    MORDE'RE :  mor'deo,  mor'sum,  to  bite. 

luord  :  mov'ddnt,  biting,  serving  to  fix  colors ;  morda'cious  (Lat.  adj. 
mor'dax,  morda'cis,  biting),  severe,  sarcastic. 

mors  :  mor'sel,  literally,  a  little  bite  ;  remorse',  the  biting  of  con- 
science (-ful,  -less). 

MORS.    (See  page  44.) 

135.    MOS,  mo'ris,  manner,  custom;  pi.  Mo'res,  manners  or  morals. 

mor:  mor'al  (-ist,  -ity,  -ize);  immor'al  (-ity);  demor'alize  (-ation). 

136.    MOVE'RE :  mo'veo,  mo'tum,  to  move. 

mov:  move  (-able,  -er,  -ment);  remove'  (-able,  -al). 

mot:  (-ive,  -or);  commo'tion  ;  emo'tion  (-al);  locomo'tion  (Lat.  n. 

lo'cns,  a  place);  promote'  (-er,  -ion);  remote'  (-ne.ss). 

Mob  (Lat.  adj.  mob' His,  easily  moved);   mo'bile  (-ity);  mo- 

men'tum,  the  force  of  a  moving  body,  impetus. 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  81 

137.    MUL'TUS,  multi,  many,  much. 

multi :  mul'titiule  ;  multitu'diiious  ;  multifa'iious  ;  mul'tiforin  ; 
inul'tiple  (Lat.  adj.  mul'tijdus  fur  vud'tipUx,  luunifokl);  mul'ti- 
ply  (Lat.  adj.  mid' tiplcx) ;  iiiurtiplicate  (-ion);  multiplic'ity. 

13S.    MU'NUS,  mu'neris,  a  gift,  a  service. 

mun :  munic'ipal  (Lat.  ii.  municij/ ium,  a  free  town),  pertaining  to 
a  corporation  ;  muuiciparity  ;  munificent;  munificence  ;  coni'- 
nion  (Lat.  adj.  commit! nis  — con +  iiiunus  ;  literally,  ready  to  be 
of  service);  commune',  i;.  literally,  <o  share  (discourse)  in  com- 
tiion  ;  commuu'ion  ;  commu'nity  ;  com'munism  ;  com'muuist  ; 
commun'icate  (-ion,  -ive) ;  commu'nicant  ;  excommu'nicate  ; 
immu'nity  (in-{-mnnus;  literally,  absence  of  service). 

muner:  remu'nerate  (-ion,  -ivc). 

139.    MUTA'RB:  mu'to,  muta'tum,  to  change. 

Pint:  mu'table  (-ity);  immu'table  ;  commute';  transmute'  (-able). 
'-.lutat:  muta'tion  ;  commuta'tion  ;  transmuta'tion. 

140.    NAS'CI:  nas'cor,  na'tus,  to  be  born,  to  gi-ow ;  Natu'ra,  nature. 

nasc:  nas'cent,   groicing  ;   renaissance'    (a  style   of  decorative  art 

revived-hy  Raphael). 
nat :  na'tal ;  na'tion,  originally,  cc  distinct  race  or  stock  (-al,  -ality, 

-ize);  interna' tional  ;  na'tive  (-ity);  cog'nate  ;  in'nate. 
natur:  nat'ural  (-ist,  -ize, -ization);  preternat'ural ;  supernat'ural. 

141.    NA'VIS,  a  ship. 
nav  :  nave,  the  middle  or  body  of  a  church ;  na'val  ;  ua'vy  ;  nau'ti- 
cal  (Lat.  adj.  ncm'ticus,  from  nauta  or  nav'itct,  a  sailor) ;  nav'i- 
gate  (Lat.  v.  naviga're=  na'vis  +  ag'ere);  nav'igable ;  naviga'tiou  ; 
nav'igator  ;  circuninav'igate. 

142.    NEC'TERE :  nee'to,  nex'um,  to  tie  or  bind. 

nect:  connect'  (-ion, -ive);  disconnect'  (-ion). 
uex:  annex' ;  anncxa'tion. 


82  AVOllD-AXALYSIS. 

EXERCISE. 

The  administration  of  affairs  is  in  the  hands  of  her  majestifs  minis- 
ters. A  miscellaneous  collection  of  goods  was  sold  on  commission.  The 
merchant  remitted  the  money  called  I'oi'  in  the  emercjency.  The  sugges- 
tion to  modify  the  plan  was  tantamount  to  its  rejection.  Do  you  ad- 
mire  Bunker  Hill  Monument  ?  A  miser  is  an  object  of  commiseration 
to  all  who  know  hini.  Remuneration  will  be  allowed  according  to 
the  amount  of  labor.  The  major  has  been  2^i'omoted  to  the  rank  of 
colonel.  All  who  weie  connected  with  the  movement  were  excommu- 
nicated. As  the  annexed  territory  is  chiefly  maritime  it  will  greatly 
increase  the  commerce  of  the  nation.  The  monitor  admonislted  the 
pupils  with  great  gentleness.  The  committee  said  the  master  had 
done  his  woik  in  an  admirable  manner.  The  Pilgrim  Fathers  emi- 
grated to  this  country  in  1620.  A  minute  missile  moved  towards  us. 
What  is  the  subjunctive  mood  or  mode  ?  A  multitude  of  communists 
appeai'ed  in  Paris. 

143.    NEGA'EE  :  ne'go,  nega'tum,  to  deny. 

uegat :  nega'tiou  ;  iieg'ative  ;  ab'negate  (-ion)  ;  ren'egade,  an  apos- 
tate. 

Deny'  (Fr.v.  dtnier:=ljai.de  -\-  ncga're,  to  contradict);  deni'alj 
undeni'able. 

144.    NEU'TER,  neu'trum,  neither  of  the  two. 
neutr  :  neu'ter  ;  neu'tral  (-ity,  -izc). 

145.    NOCE'RE  :  no'ceo,  no'citum,  to  hurt. 

noc  :  no' cer\t,  hurtful;  iu'nncent ;  iu'nocence  ;  innoc'uous. 

Nox'ious  (Lat.  adj.  oio.c'ius,  hurtful) ;  obnox'ious  ;  nui'sauce 
(Fr.  V.  nuire=  Lat.  nocc're). 

14G.    NO'MEIQ",  nom'inis,  a  name. 

iiouien :  nomenclat'ure,  a  list   of  technical  names;   cogno'men,  a 

surname. 
iioiiiiii  :  nuni'inal  ;  iiom'inate  (-ion,  -ive) ;  nominee';   denom'inate 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  83 

(-ion,  -or) ;  ig'nominy  (Lat.  in  i-no'men,  a  deprivation  of  one's 
good  name)  ;  ignomin'ious. 

Noun  (Fr.  n.  novi  —  Lat.  nc/men) ;  pro'noun  ;  niisno'mer 
(Old  Fr.  vies  =  wrong,  and  nommer,  to  name),  a  wrong  name. 

NORMA.    (See  page  45.) 

H7.    NOS'CERE:  nos'co,  no'tum,  to  know;  No'ta,  a  mark. 

not:  note  (-able,  -ary,  -ice,  -ify,  -ion);  no'ticeable  ;  notifica'tion  ; 
noto'rious  (Lat.  adj.  noto'rius,  making  known),  known  in  a  had 
sense)  ;  notori'ety  ;  an'notate  (-ion) ;  denote'. 

No'ble  (Lat.  adj.  no'bilis,  deserving  to  be  known) ;  noblesse' 
(Fr.  n.  noblesse  =  Lat.  nobil'itas);  nobil'ity  ;  enno'ble  ;  igno'ble 
(Lat.  prefix  ig  =  in) ;  cog'nizance  (Old  Fr.  cognizance  =  Lat.  cog- 
noscen'tia,  notice  or  knowledge),  judicial  observation ;  connois- 
seur' (Fr.  n.  connoisseur,  a  critical  judge) ;  incog'nito  (Italian 
incognito,  from  Lat.  part,  incog'nitus,  unknown),  unknown,  in 
disguise  ;  rec'ognize  (Lat.  re,  again,  and  cognos' cere,  to  know) ; 
recog'nizance,  a  term  in  law;  recogni'tion  ;  recomioi'ter  (Fr.  v. 
reconnoitre),  to  survey,  to  examine. 

148.    NO'VUS,  new. 

nov :  in'novate  (-ion,  -or) ;  ren'ovate  (-ion,  -or). 

Nov'el  (Lat.  adj.  novel'lus,  diminutive  of  no'vus),  adj.  some- 
thing new,  out  of  the  usual  course;  n.,  literally,  a  story  new  and 
out  of  the  usual  course  ;  nov'elist ;  nov'elty  ;  nov'ice,  a  beginner; 
novi'tiate,  time  of  being  a  novice. 

149.    NU'MERUS,  a  numljer. 

numer  :  (-al,  -ate,  -ation,  -ator,  -ic,  -ical,  -ous)  ;  enu'merate  (Lat.  v. 
enumera're,  enumera'tum,  to  count  or  tell  of),  to  reckon  %q)  singly ; 
enumera'tion  ;  innu'merable  (=  in  +  nu'mer  +  able,  that  may 
not  be  counted) ;  supernu'merary,  one  above  the  necessary  num- 
ber ;  nuni'ber  (Old  Fr.  n.  numhre  =  Lat.  nu'merus). 

150.    NUNCIA'EE:  nuncio,  nuncia'tum,  to  announce;  Nun'cius,  a 
messenger. 

uunciat :   enun'ciate,    to   utter  (-ion) ;   denuncia'tion ;   pronuncia'- 

tioii  ;  renuncia'tion,  disavoical,  relinquishment. 


84  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Nuii'cio  (Sp.  n.  niincio=  hat.  nun'cius),  a  messeivjer  from  the 
Pope;  announce'  (Fr.  v.  annoncer  =lj&i.  ad  +  nuncia're),  to  fro- 
claim  ;  announce'nient ;  denounce'  (Fr.  v.  denoncer=  Lat.  de  + 
nuncia're),  to  accuse  fublicly;  pronounce'  (Fr.  v.  'prononcer  — 
Lat.  pro  +  nuncia're') ;  pronounce'able  ;  renounce'  (Fr.  v.  rc- 
noHccrrr  Lat.  re  +  nuncia  re),  to  disclaim;  renounce'ment. 

151.    NUTRI'RE :  nu'trio,  nutri'tum,  to  nourish. 

nutri:  nu'triment,  that  which  nourishes ;  nutri'tion  j  nutri'tious  ; 
nu'tritive. 

Nour'ish  (Fr.  v.  Jioit7'nr=Lat.  'tiutri'ere) ;  nurse  (Fr.  v.  nourrice, 
a  nurse) ;  nur'sery  ;  nurs'ling,  a  little  one  who  is  nursed ;  nurt'- 
ure. 

152.  O'PUS,  op'eris,  a  work  or  deed  ;  OPERA 'RI,  opera'tus,  to  work. 

oper:  operose,  requiring  labor,  tedious. 

operat:  operate  (-ion,  -ive,  -or);  co-operate  (-ion,  -ive,  -or). 

Op'era  (It.  op'era  =  opera,  pains,  pi.  oio'pus),  a  musical  drama  ; 
operat'ic. 

ORDO.    (See  page  45.) 

153.  PAN'DERE  :  pan'do,  pan'sum,  and  pas'sum,  to  spread  ;  Pas'sus, 

a  step. 

pand  :  expand',  to  spread  out. 

pans :  expanse'  (-ion,  -ive). 

pass  :  pass  ;  pass'able,  that  may  he  passed,  tolerable  ;  pas'sage  ;  com- 
pass, v.  io  .s^re<t7i  rowju?;  encom'pass  ;  surpass';  tres'pass  (ires 
=  trans),  to  jmss  beyond  due  bounds. 

Pace  (Fr.  n.  j9as  =  Lat.  pas'sus);  pas'senger  (Old  'Eug.  pnssa- 
ger) ;  pass'over,  a  Jcicish  festival ;  *  pass'port  i—  pass  ■\-  port,  lit- 
erally, a  permission  to  leave  a  port  or  to  sail  into  it. 

154.    PAR,  equal. 

par:  pai-'ity  ;  dispar'ity  ;  dispar'age,  to  injure  by  comparison  of  un- 
equals  ;  dispar'agement. 

'  From  jjftss  and  orcr,  a  foast  of  thoJcws  instituted  to  coninieniorate  the  providen- 
tial escape  of  the  Jew.s  to  Rjrypt.  wlion  GimI,  smiting  the  lirst-bnni  of  the  Egyptiaii.s, 
jvisf:nrl  over  the  houses  ol"  tlie  Israilites,  which  wcie  marked  with  the  blood  of  the 
pusclial  lamb. 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  85 

Pair  (Fr.  aJj.  puirc  =  Lat.  jxir),  tv:o  of  a  kind  ;  peer  (OM  Fr. 
2yeer  or  2Mir  —  Lat.  jxu"),  an  equal,  a  nobleman  ;  peer'age  ;  peei'- 
less  ;  compeei-'  ;  iiou'pareil  (Fr.  non,  not,  and  pareil,  equal),  a 
peerless  thiny  or  person. 

155.    PARA 'RE  :  pa'ro,  para'tum,  to  make  ready,  to  prepare;  SEPA- 
RA'RE:  sep'aro,  separa'tum,  to  separate. 

parat :  compar'ative  ;  prepara'tion  ;  prepai-'atory  ;  repara'tion. 

separ :  sep'arate,  literally,  to  lirepare  aside:  hence,  to  disjoin;  .sepa- 
ra'tion  ;  sep'araljle  ;  insep'arable. 

Parade'  (Fr.  n.  2Mrade,  literally,  a  parrying),  military  display; 
pare  (Fr.  v.  partr,  to  pare  or  ward  off)  ;  par'ry  (Fr.  v.  parer,  to 
ward  off)  ;  appara'tus  (Lat.  appara'tus  =  ad  +  paratus,  literally, 
something  prepared  for  a  purpose) ;  appar'el  (Fr.  n.  uppareil, 
preparation);  compare' (Fr.  v.  cowyjaj-tr  ==  Lat.  compara're),  to 
set  things  tor/ether  to  see  how  far  they  resemble  each  other  ;  prepare' 
(Fr.  V.  preparer  =  Lat.  prepara're)  ;  repaii-'  (Fr.  v.  reparer  =  Lat. 
repara're),  literally,  to  prepare  again,  hence,  to  restore  after  injury; 
irrep'arable  ;  sev'er  (Old  Fr.  v.  sevrer—  Lat.  separa're),  to  render 
asunder;  sev'eral  (Old  Fr.  adj.  sereraZ  =  Lat.  separa'lis,  sepa- 
rate) ;  sev'erance  ;  dissev'er. 

PARS.  (See  page  4G.) 
156.  PAT'ER,  pa'tris,  a  father;  Pa'tria,  one's  native  country. 
Patei-'nal  (Lat.  adj.  pater' nus,  pertaining  to  a  father)  ;  pater'nity 
(Lat.  n.  pater'nitas,  Yr.  patemite),  fathership  ;  patri'cian  (Lat. 
adj.  jMtri'ciiis,  from  pa'tres,  fathers  or  senators),  a  Roman  no- 
bleman ;  pat'rimony  (Lat.  r\.  2'>atrimo'nium),  an  estate  inherited 
from  one's  ancestors;  pa'tron  (Lat.  n.  patro'nus,  a  protector),  one 
vlio  countenances  or  su2yj)orts  ;  pat'ronage  ;  pat'ronize  ;  pat'tern 
(Fr.  n.pattern,  something  to  be  copied),  a  model;  expa'triate,  to 
banish  ;  expatria'tion. 

157.    PA'TI :  pa'tior,  pas'sus,  to  bear,  to  suffer. 

pati :  pa'tient  ;  ])a'tieuce  ;  impa'tient  ;  cou^rdt'ihle,  consistent  icith  ; 
compat'ibility  ;  ineompat'ible. 


86  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

pass :  pas'sion,  strong  agitation  of  the  inind ;  pas'sive  ;  impas'sive, 
insensible  ;  coiupas'sion,  sympatJuj  ;  compas'sionate. 

158.    PEL'LERE:  pel'lo,  pul'sum,  to  drive. 

pel  (com-,  clis-,  ex-,  im-,  pro-,  re-). 

puis  :  jjulse,  the  heating  of  an  artery  as  blood  is  driven  through  it ; 

pul'sate  ;   pulsa'tion  ;   coiiipursiou  ;    coiupul'sory  ;  e.xpul'sion  ; 

propul'sion  ;  repulse' ;  repul'sive. 

159.    PENDE'RE  :  pen'deo,  pen'sum,  to  hang. 
pencl :  penMant,  a  long,  narrow  flag  ;  peud'ing,  not  decided,  during ; 
append' ;  append'age  ;  depend'  (-ant,  -ent,  -ence)  ;   independ'- 
ent ;  independ'ence  ;  suspend'. 
pens:  i>en'>iile,  hanging ;  suspense' (-ion). 

Pen'dulous  (Lat.  adj.  pen'dulus,  banging) ;  pen'dulum  (Lat. 
adj.  pen'dulus)  ;  appen'dix  (Lat.  n.  appen'dix,  an  addition). 

160.    PEN'DERE  :  pen'do,  pen'sum,  to  weigh,  to  pay. 

pend  :  coni'pend  (contraction  of  compendium);  compen'dium  (Lat. 
11.  compen'dium,  that  which  is  weighed,  saved,  shortened) ;  com- 
pen'dious  (Lat.  adj.  compendio'sus,  brief,  succinct)  ;  expend' ; 
expen'diture  ;  sti'pend  (Lat.  n.  stipen'dium,  literally,  the  pay 
of  soldiers)  ;  stipen'diary. 

pens  :  pen'sive,  thoughtful ;  pen'sion,  an  allowance  for  past  services 
(-eer)  ;  com'})ensute  (-ion)  ;  dispense',  to  deal  out  (-ary)  ;  dis- 
pensa'tion  ;  indispen'sable  ;  expense'  (-ive) ;  rec'ompense. 

PES.    (See  page  47.) 
161.    PET 'ERE  :  pe'to,  peti'tum,  to  attack,  to  seek. 

pet:  ccntrip'etal  (Lat.  n.  ce?i,'^/•»,?rt,  center)  ;  compete';  com'petent, 
fit,  suitable;  com'i)etence,  sufficiency ;  inconi'pctent. 

petit :  peti'tion,  a  request  (-er)  ;  conipet'ifor  ;  compet'itive  ;  repe- 
ti'tion. 

Pet'ulant  (Fr.  adj.  p>ctidant,  fretful)  ;  ai)']ietite  (Fr.  n.  appetit), 
a  seeking  for  hunger;  impet'uous  (Lat.  adj.  impetuo'sus,  vehe- 
ment) ;  impetuos'ity  ;  im'petus  (Lat.  n.  im'petus,  a  shock) ;  re- 
peat' (Fr*.  V.  rep('ter=  hilt,  repel' ere). 


THE    LA.TIX    ELEMENT.  87 

EXERCISE. 

Numerous  objections  Avere  submitted  against  the  innovations  aljout 
to  be  introduced.  The  obnoxious  articles  have  been  removed.  The 
nominee  by  his  ludicrous  speech  neutralized  all  that  his  friends  did 
for  him.  Fart  of  the  apparatus  jyrcpared  for  the  occasion  was  dam- 
aged in  transmission.  The  patronage  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  con- 
nected with  the  neighborhood  was  asked.  Many  parts  of  the  edifice 
are  highly  ornate.  Christ  had  compassion  on  the  multitude,  for  they 
had  been  a  long  time  without  food.  The  petitioner's  application  for 
di,  pension  was  not  repeated.  How  can  an  acid  be  neutralized  ?  The 
renegade  was  brought  to  ignominy.  The  prince  was  travelling  incog- 
nito. The  young  lady  seems  pensive  rather  than  petulant.  Here  is 
a  new  edition  of  the  TioreZ,  with  annotations  by  the  author.  The 
opera  seems  to  be  well  patronized  this  winter.  Webster  had  a  com- 
pendious  mode  of  stating  great  truths.  What  is  meant  by  centripetal 
motion  ?  What  is  the  difference  between  the  numerator  and  the 
denominator  ? 

162.    PLEC'TEEE  :  plec'to,  plex'um,  to  twist ;  PLICA'RE:  pli'co, 
plica'tum,  and  plic'itum,  to  fold. 

plex :  com'plex  (literally,  twisted  together)  ;  complex'ion  ;  com- 
plex'ity  ;  perplex'  (literally,  to  twist  thoroughly  —  per  :  hence, 
to  puzzle  or  embarrass)  ;  perplex'ity. 

pli(v:  ap'plicable  (-ity) ;  ap'plicant  ;  ex'plicable. 

plicat :  applica'tion  ;  com'plicate  (-ion);  du'plicate  ;  im'plicate 
(-ion);  replica'tion,  an  ansiver  in  law;  sup'plicate,  to  entreat 
eamesthj  :  supplica'tion. 

plicit:  explic'it  (literally,  out-folded;  hence,  distinctly  stated); 
implic'it,  imiplied. 

Ply  (Fr.  V.  'plier  —  'Ltit.  jilica're),  to  v:ork  diligently  ;  pli'able, 
easily  bent;  pli'ant  ;  pli'ancv  ;  accom'plice,  an  associate  in 
crime  ;  apply'  (Old  Fr.  applier  =  Lat.  applira're) ;  appli'ance, 
the  thing  applied;  comply'  (Fr.  v.  plier),  to  fold  with:  hence,  to 
conform  or  assent;  compli'ance ;  display'  (Olil  Fr.  v.  desployer, 
to  unfold);  doul/le  (Fr.  adj.  double  =:Lat.  d u' plex,  twoioM)  ; 
du'plex  ;  duplic'ity  (Lat.  n.  duplic'itas,  from  du'jilex,  double); 


88  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

employ'  (Fr.  v.  emjjloyer  =  Lat  implica're),  to  Iceep  at  vork  ; 
employe;  employ'er;  employ'ment  ;  exploit'  (Fr.  ii.  exploit  = 
Lat.  explic'itum,  literalh^,  something  milolded,  set  forth  :  hence, 
a  deed,  an  achievement) ;  imply',  literally,  to  infold:  hence,  to 
involve,  to  signify;  mul'tiply  (Fr.  v.  multiplier ^hai.  mnl't us, 
much,  many);  ([uad'ruple  (Lat.  qua'tuor,  four) ;  reply'  (Old  Fr. 
V.  re2Mcr=  Lat.  re'plica're,  to  answer);  sim'ple  (Lat.  sine  pli'ca, 
without  fold),  not  compounded,  artless  ;  sim'pleton  (compare  It. 
simplicione,  a  silly  person)  ;  simplic'ity  (Lat.  n.  simplic'itas)  ; 
sim'plify  ;  sup'ple  (Fr.  adj.  souple  =  Lat.  snp'plcx,  bending  the 
knee,  from  sm6  and  ^fe'ca're);  sup'pliant  (literally,  bending  the 
knees  under,  kneeling  down);  treb'le  (Old  Fr.  adj.  treble  = 
Lat.  ^ri'pZcx,  threefold);  trip'le  (Lat.  tri'plex);  trip'let,  three  lines 
rhyming  alternately. 

163.    PON'ERE:  po'no,  pos'itum,  to  place. 

pon:  compo'nent, /ormm^  «  compound;  depone',  to  hear  testimony; 
depo'nent  ;  oppo'nent ;  postpone'  (-ment). 

posit:  posi'tion  ;  pos'itive  ;  ■^oa'itiy'ism,  a  sxjstem  of  philosophy ;  pos'- 
itivist,  a  believer  in  the  2)ositive  philosophy ;  ap'posite,  adapted 
to;  compos'ite,  compound;  composi'tion  ;  compos'itor  ;  decom- 
posi'tion  ;  depos'it  (-ary,  -ion,  -ory);  deposi'tion,  the  giving 
testimony  under  oath  ;  exposi'tion  ;  expos'itor ;  imposi'tion  ; 
interposi'tion  ;  juxtaposi'tion ;  op'posite  (-ion);  preposi'tion  ; 
proposi'tion  ;  supposi'tion  ;  suppositi'tious ;  transposi'tion. 

Pose  (Fr.  v.  230ser  =  Lat.  j^on'ere),  to  bring  to  a  stand  by  ques- 
tions ;  post  ;  post'age  ;  post'ure  (Fr.  n.  posture  =  Lat.  positu'ra, 
position);  compose'  (Fr.  v.  composer  =ljAi.  compon' ere) ;  com- 
pos'ure  ;  com'pound  (Lat.  v.  compon' ere)  ;  com'post,  a  mixture, 
a  manure ;  depot'  (Fr.  n.  depSt  =  Lat.  depos'itum)  ;  dispose'  (Fr. 
V.  disposer) ;  dispo'sal  ;  expose'  (Fr.  v.  exposer) ;  expos'ure  ; 
impose'  (Fr.  v.  imposer)  ;  im'post,  a  tax  jAaced  on  imported 
goods;  impos'tor,  one  guilty  of  fraud  ;  impost'ure  ;  interpose'; 
oppose' ;  propose' ;  prov'ost  (Old  Fv.  provost,  from  Lat  pra^pos'i- 
tus,  placed  before,  a  chief),  the  principal  of  a  college  ;  pur'pose 
(Old  Fr.  u.  2^^i>'2"^s,  j'i'ojws  =  ljat.  jJrojws'itum),  an  end  set  before 


THE   LATIN   ELEMENT.  89 

one;  repose'  (Fr.  v.  reposer) ;  suppose'  (Fr.  v.  su2y2^oser);  trans- 
pose' (Fr.  V.  transposer). 

164.    PORTA'RE:  por'to,  porta'tum,  to  carry. 

port :  port'able  ;  poi'ter  (-age) ;  deport'ment  ;  export'  (-ation,  -er) ; 
im'port  (-ance,  -ant,  -er)  ;  pur'port,  design;  report'  (-er);  sup- 
port' ;  insupport'able ;  transport'  (-ation). 

Portfo'lio  (Lat.  n.  fo'lium,  a  leaf) ;  portman'teau  (Fr.  n. 
manteau,  a  cloak);  importune'  (Lat.  adj.  importu'nus,  unseason- 
able) ;  import'unate  ;  importu'nity  ;  op'portune  (Lat.  adj.  op- 
portu'nus,  literally,  at  or  before  the  port  or  harbor  :  hence, 
seasonable)  ;  opportu'nity  ;  inop'portune. 

165.    POS'SB,  to  be  able;  Po'tens,  poten'tis,  powerful,  mighty. 

posse:  pos'sible  (Lat.  adj.  ^ossi6'i7i5)  ;  possibil'ity ;  impos'sible. 
potent :    po'tent ;    po'tency  ;    po'tentate  ;    poten'tial  ;    im'potent  ; 

onrnip'otent  (Lat.  adj.  om'nis,  all)  ;  plenipoten'tiary  (Lat.  adj. 

ple'nns,  full). 

166.    PREHEN'DERE :  prehen'do,   prehen'sum,   to  lay  hold  of,   to 

seize. 

prehend  :  apprehend' ;  comprehend' ;  reprehend'. 

prehens  :  prehen'sile  ;  apprehen'sion  ;  apprehen'sive  ;  comprehen'- 
sible  ;  comprehen'sion  ;  comprehen'sive ;  reprehen'sible. 

Appren'tice  (Old  Fr.  n.  apprentis,  from  v.  apprendre,  to  learn) ; 
apprise'  (Fr.  v.  apprendre,  part,  appris,  to  inform) ;  comprise' 
(Fr.  V.  comprendre,  compris),  to  include  ;  eii'terprise  (Fr.  n.  en- 
trepise,  something  undertaken)  ;  impreg'nable  (Fr.  adj.  imprena- 
ble,  not  to  be  taken);  pris'on  (Fr.  n.jjrison);  prize  (Ft.  n.  j^rise, 
something  taken,  from  prendre,  pris,  to  take) ;  reprieve'  (Old 
Fr.  V.  repreuver,  to  condemn),  to  grant  a  respite  ;  repri'sal  ;  sur- 
prise'. 

167.    PREM'ERE  :  pre'mo,  pres'sum,  to  press. 

press :  press  (-ure)  ;  compress'  (-ible) ;  depress'  (-ion) ;  express' 
(-ion,  -ive) ;  impress'  (-ion,  -ive,  -ment) ;  irrepres'sible ;  oppress' 
(-ion,  -ive,  -or) ;  repress'  (-ion,  -ive) ;  suppress'  (-ion). 


90  WORD- ANALYSIS. 

Print  (abbreviated  from  imprint,  from  Old  Fr.  v.  preindre 
=  Lat.  prcm'ere)  ;  im'print,  the  name  of  the  publisher  and  the  title- 
page  of  a  hook;  imprima'lur  (Lat.  let  it  he  printed),  originally, 
a  license  to  print  a  book,  the  imprint  of  a  publisher. 

168.    PRI'MUS,  first ;  Prin'ceps,  prin'cipis,  chief,  original. 

prim  :  piime  ;  pri'mate,  the  highest  dignitary  of  a  church  ;  pri'macy ; 
pri'mary  ;  prim'er  ;  prime' val  (Lat.  n.  ce'vum,  an  age)  ;  pvini'i- 
tive  ;  primogen'itor  (Lat.  n.  gen'itor,  a  begetter) ;  primogen'iture 
(Lat.  n.  genitu'ra,  a  begetting),  the  exclusive  right  of  inheritance 
tvhich  in  English  law  belongs  to  the  eldest  son  or  daughter ;  pri- 
mor'dial  (Lat.  v.  ordi'ri,  to  begin),  existing  from  the  beginning  ; 
prim' rose  (Lat.  n.  ro'sa) ;  prin'cess  ;  prince  (Fr.  n.  prince  =Lat. 
prin'ceps) ;  prin'cipal  ;  prin'ciple. 

Pre'mier  (Fr.  adj .  premier,  first),  the  prime  minister;  pri'or 
(Lat.  adj.  prior,  former) ;  pri' cress,  the  female  superior  of  a  con- 
vent ;  pri'ory,  a  convent ;  prior'ity,  state  of  being  first ;  pris'tine 
(Lat.  adj.  pristi'nus,  primitive),  original,  ancient. 

169.    PROBA'IIE:  pro'bo,  proba'tum,  to  try,  to  prove. 

prob  :  prob'able,  likely,  credible  ;  probability ;  improb'able  ;  pro'- 
bate,  the  proof  of  a  ivill ;  proba'tion,  the  act  of  trying  ;  proba'- 
tioner  ;  proba'tionary  ;  probe,  to  try  by  an  instrument ;  prob'ity, 
tried  integrity ;  approba'tion,  commendation ;  rep'robate  (adj. 
literally,  proved  against),  base,  condemned. 

Prove  (Old  Fr.  prover,  New  Fr.  prouver—  Lat.  proba're') ;  proof 
(Old  Fr.  n.  prove  —  Lat.  pro'ba,  proof) ;  approve'  (Fr.  v.  ap- 
prouver— Lat.  apjyroba' re)  ;  appro v'al  ;  disapprove';  improve', 
(-nient) ;  reprove' ;  reproof. 

170.    PUN'GERE :  pun'go,  punc'tum,  to  prick;  Pune'tum,  a  point. 

pung :  pun'gent  ;  iinn'genc}'^  ;  ex[nuige',  to  mark  out. 

punct :  punctil'io   (Sp.  punctilio,  from  Lat.  punc'tum,  a  point),  a 
nice  point  of  exactness  in  rondiirf,  etc. ;  punctil'ious  ;  punct'ual 
(-ity)  ;  punct'uate  (-ion)  ;  panct'ure  ;  compunc'tion,  remorse. 
Punch  (abbreviated  from  imncheon,  from  Lat.  n.  punc'tio,  a 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  91 

pricking),  an  instriunent  for  cutting  holes ;  point  (Fr.  n.  poinie 
=  Lai.  ])unc'tum) ;  poign'ant  (Fr.  \yAvt.  poignant,  stingingj;  poii'- 
iard  (Fr.  n.  poignard),  a  small  dagger, 

171.  PUTA'RE  :  pu'to,  puta'tum,  to  think,  to  prune,  to  count  or  reckon. 

put:  fonipute'  (-able,  -ation)  ;  depute'  (Lat.  v.  deinda're^  to  allot), 
to  empov:er  to  act ;  dej^'uty  ;  dispute'  (-ant)  ;  indis'putable  ; 
impute'  (literally,  to  reckon  in),  to  charge ;  repute' ;  disrepute' 
(-able). 

putat :  pu'tative,  si(;2^|)ose(Z ;  am'})utate,  to  cut  off  the  limb  from  an 
aninial ;  deputa'tion  ;  iniputa'tion  ;  reputa'tion. 

Count    (Fr.    v.    compter  = 'La.i.    computa're);    account';    dis- 
count' ;  recount'. 

172.  RAP'ERE  :  ra'pio,  rap'tum,  to  seize  suddenly,  to  snatch  or  hurry 

away. 

rap:  rapa'cious  (Lat.  adj.  ra'^xtx,  ra2)a'fis,  greed}') ;  rapac'ity  ;  rap'id 

(Lat.  adj.  raj/idus,  swift)  ;  rapid'ity  ;  rap'ids  ;  rap'ine  (Lat.  n. 

rapi'na,  robbery). 
rapt:  rapt,  transported;  rapt'ure  (-ous);  enrapt'ure  ;  surrepti'tious 

(Lat.  V.  surrip'ere,  surrep'tum,  to  take  away  secretly),  done  by 

stealth. 

Eav'age  (Fr.  v.  ravager  =  to  lay  waste) ;   rav'ish  (Fr.  v.  ravir 

=  Lat.  raj)' ere). 

173.    REG'ERE  :  re'go,  rec'tum,  to  rule;  Rec'tus,  straight. 

reg :  re'gent  ;  re'geucy  ;  reg'imen  (Lat.  n.  reg'imen,  that  by  which 

one  guides  or  governs  anything)  ;  reg'iment  (Lat.  n.  reginien'- 

tum) ;  re'gion  (Lat.  re'gio,  regio'^is,  a  region)  ;  cor'rigible  (Lat. 

V.  corrig'ere  —  con  -{-  reg' ere) ;  incor'rigible. 
rect :   rec'tify  ;  rec'titude  ;  i-ec'tor  (-cry) ;  correct'  (Lat.  v.  corrig'ere 

—  con  +  reg' ere),  to  remove  favlts  ;  direct'  (-ion,  -or,  -ory)  ;  erect'; 

insurrec'tion  ;  resurrec'tion. 

Re'gal  (Lat.  n.  rex,  re'gis,  a  king)  ;  I'ega'lia  ;  reg'icide  (Lat,  v. 

cced'ere,   to  kill)  ;  reg'ular  (Lat.  n.  reg'ula,  a  rule) ;   reg'ulate ; 

realm  (Old  Fr.  realms,  from  Lat.  adj.  rega'lis,  royal) ;  reign  (Fr. 

n.  regne  —  ha-t.  reg'num) ;  corrigen'da  (sing,  corrigen'dum),  things 


92  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

to  he  corrected  ;  dress  (Fr.  v.  dresser  —  Lat  dirig'ere) ;  address'  (Fr. 
V.  adresser,  to  direct) ;  redress'  (Fr.  v.  redresser  =  Lat.  re + dirig'ere), 
to  rectify,  to  repair  ;  source  (Fr.  u.  source,  from  Lat.  sur'gere,  to 
spring  up) ;  surge  ;  insur'gent  (Lat.  v.  insur'gere). 

174.    RI'VUS,  a  river. 
riv :  ri'val  (Lat.  n.  riva'lis,  one  who  used  a  brook  in  common  with 
another);  ri'valry  ;  outri'val  ;  riv'ulet  (Lat.  n.  ?-m/i6Zms,  diminu- 
tive of  ri'vus) ;  derive'  (literally,  to  receive  as  from  a  source) ; 
deriva'tion  ;  deriv'ative. 

175.    BOGA'RE :  ro'go,  roga'tum,  to  ask. 

rog :  ar'rogant,  proud,  overhearing  ;  ai-'rogance  ;  prorogue'  (Fr.  v. 
proroger=  Lat.  proroga're). 

rogat :  ab'rogate  ;  to  repeal  ;  ar'rogate,  to  assume  ;  arroga'tion  ;  de- 
rog'atory,  detracting  ;  inter'rogate  (-ion,  -ive,  -oryj ;  prerog'a- 
tive  (literally,  that  is  asked  before  others  for  an  opinion  :  hence, 
preference^,  exclusive  or  peculiar  right  or  privilege  ;  proroga'tion, 
prolonga' tion  ;  superer'ogate  (Lat.  super  -\-  eroga're,  to  spend  or 
pay  out  over  and  above),  to  do  more  than  is  necessary  ;  superero- 
ga'tion. 

176.    RUM'PERE :  rum'po,  rup'tum,  to  break. 

rupt :  rupt'ure,  to  p'^'^i't  violently;  abrupt'  (-ly,  -ness)  ;  bank'rupt 
(It.  n.  hanco,  a  merchant's  place  of  business)  ;  bank'ruptcy  ;  cor- 
rupt'(-ible, -ion) ;  disrup'tion  ;  erup'tion  ;  interrupt' (-ion);  ir- 
rup'tion  ;  irru^j'tive. 

177.    SA'CER,  sa'cri,  holy. 
sacr :  sac'rament  (Lat.   n.  sacramen' turn,  an  oath,  a  sacred  thing) ; 

sa'cred  (orignally,  past  p.  of  Old  Eng.  v.  sacre,  to  consecrate) ; 

sac'rifice  (Lat.  v.  fac'ere,  to  make)  ;    sac'rilege  (literally,  that 

steals  —  pi'operly  gathers,   picks  up,    leg' ere  —  sacred   things) ; 

sac'ristan  (Low  Lat.  sacrista'iius),  a  church  officer. 
seer:    (in  comp.)  con'secrate  (-ion);    des'ecrate    (-ion);    e.x'ecrate 

(-ion);  e.x'ecrable  ;   sacerdo'tal  (Lat.  n.  sacer'dos,  sacerdo'tis,  a 

priest),  pertaining  to  the  piriesthood. 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  93 

178.    SA'LUS,  salu'tis,  health;  Sal'vus,  safe. 
s;^lut:    sixV ntiiiy,  promotiny  health;  salii'tatoiy,  (jiving  salutation; 

salute'  (-iouj. 
salv:  sal'vage,  reicard  for  saving  goods ;  saVvo,  a  vollerj  ;  salva'tion. 
Safe  (through  Old  Fr.  salf  or  sauf) ;  sat'e'ty  ;  save  ;  sav'ior  ; 
salu'brious  (Lat.  adj.  salii'bris,  health-giving) ;  salu'brity. 

179.    SCAN'DERE:   scan'do  (in  comp.  scen'do),  scan'dum  (in  comp. 
scen'sum),  to  climb. 

scend :  ascend'  (-ant,  -ency) ;  descend'  (-ant) ;  condescend'  (-iug) ; 

transcend'  (-ent)  ;  transceiiden'tal. 
8cens  :  ascen'sion  ;  ascent' ;  condescen'sion. 

180.    SCRIB'ERE:  scri'bo,  scrip'tum,  to  write. 

scrib  :  ascribe',  to  impute  to  ;  circumscribe',  to  draw  a  line  around,  to 
limit ;  describe' ;  inscribe' ;  prescribe',  to  order  or  ajypoint ;  pro- 
scribe' (literally,  to  write  forth),  to  interdict ;  subscribe' ;  su- 
perscribe' ;  transcribe'. 

script :  script,  type  in  imitation  of  handwriting  ;  script'ure  ;  ascrip'- 
tion  ;  con'script,  one  taken  by  lot  and  enrolled  for  military  service ; 
conscrip'tion  ;  descrip'tion  ;  inscrip'tion  ;  man'uscript  (see  vut- 
nus) ;  post'script  ;  prescrip'tion  ;  proscrip'tion  ;  subscrip'tion  ; 
superscrip'tion  ;  tran'script. 

Scribe  (Fr.  n.  scribe)  ;  scrib'ble  ;  escritoire'. 

181.  SECA'RE :  se'co,  sec'tum,  to  cut. 
sec :  se'cant  (Lat.  pres.  p.  st'cans,  secan'tis),  a  line  that  cuts  another. 
sect :  sect  (literally,  a  body  of  persons  separated  from  others  by 
peculiar  doctrines)  ;  secta'rian  (-ism) ;  sec'tion  (-al) ;  bisect' 
(Lat.  bis,  two)  ;  dissect'  (-ion) ;  in'sect  (literally,  an  animal 
whose  body  is  apparently  cut  in  the  middle) ;  insectiv'orous 
(Lat.  V.  vora're,  to  feed)  ;  intersect'  (-ion);  venesec'tion  (Lat.  n. 
vena,  a  vein). 

Seg'ment  (Lat.  n.  segmcn'tum),  a  part  cut  off. 

182.    SEDE'RE:  se'deo  (in  comp.  se'do),  ses'sum,  to  sit. 
sed :  sed'entary  (Lat.  adj .  sedenta'rius,  accustomed  to  sit) ;  sed'iment 


94  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

(Lat.  n.  sedimcn' turn,  a  settling  or  sinking  clown) ;  sedimen'tary  ; 

sed'ulous  (Lat.  adj.  sed'idus,  sitting  close  to  an   employment)  ; 

supersede'. 
sicl :  assid'uous  ;    assidu'ity  ;   insid'ious    (literally,   sitting  in   wait 

against) ;  preside'  (literally,  to  sit  before  or  over) ;  pres'ident  ; 

pres'idency  ;    reside'  (-ence)  ;    res'idue  ;    resid'uary  ;    subside' ; 

subsid'iary, 
sess :  ses'sion  (-al) ;  assess'  (literally,  to  sit  by  or  near  a  person  or 

thing);    assess'ment  ;    assess' or;    possess'   (Lat.   v.    'possid'ere, 

posses' sum,  to  sit  upon :  hence,  to  occupy  in  person,  to  have  or 

hold);  posses'sion  ;  possess'or  ;  posses'sive  ;  prepossess',  to  take 

possession  of  beforehand,  to  prejudice. 

183.    SENTI'EE:  sen'tio,  sen'sum,  to  feel,  to  think. 

sent :  scent  (Old  English  sent),  odor  ;  sen'tence  (Lat.  n.  senten' tia')  ; 
senten'tious  (Lat.  adj.  sententio'sus,  full  of  thought) ;  sen'ti- 
ment  (Fr.  n.  sentiment) ;  sentimen'tal  ;  assent',  to  agree  to ; 
consent'  (literally,  to  think  or  feel  together),  to  acquiesce,  to  per- 
mit;  dissent'  (-er) ;  dissen'tient ;  presen'timeut ;  resent'  (liter- 
ally, to  feel  back),  to  take  ill ;  resent'ment. 

sens :  sense  (-less,  -ation,  -ible,  -itive) ;  insen'sate  ;  non'sense  ; 
sen'sual  (Lat.  adj.  sensua'lis)  ;  sen'suali.st  ;  sen'suous. 

184.    SE'QUI :  se'quor,  secu'tus,  to  follow. 

sequ  :  se'quence,  order  of  succession ;  con'sec^uent  ;  con'sequence  ; 
consequen'tial ;  ob'sequies,  formed  rites  ;  obse'quious  (literally, 
'  following  in  the  way  of  another),  raeanly  condescending ;  sub'- 
sequent  (-ly). 

secut:  consec'utive  ;  per'seciite  (-ion,  -or)  ;  pros'ecute  (-ion). 

Se'quel  (Lat.  n.  sequc'la,  that  which  follows) ;  sue  (Old.  Fr. 
V.  suire,  New  Fr.  suivre—se'qui),  to  follow  at  law;  suit ;  suit'able ; 
suit'or  ;  suite  (Fr.  n.  suite),  a  train  or  set ;  ensue'  (Fr.  v.  en- 
suivre,  to  follow,  to  result  I'roin) ;  pursue'  (Fr.  v.  poursuivre,  to 
follow  hard,  to  chase)  ;  pursu'ance  ;  pursu'ant  ;  pursuit' ;  pur'- 
suivant,  a  state  messenger ;  ex'ecute  (Fi\  v.  cxecuter  =  Lat. 
ex'sequi) ;  execu'tion  ;  exec'utor  ;  exec'utrix. 


THE  LATIN    ELEMENT.  95 

185.    SERVA'RE:  ser'vo,  serva'tum,  to  save,  to  keep,  to  bind. 

serv:  conserve';    observe'    (-able, -auce)  ;  preserve' (-er) ;  reserve'; 

unreserved'. 
servat :  conserv'ative  ;  conserv'atory  ;   observa'tioii  ;   observ'atory  ; 

preserva'tion  ;  preserv'ative  ;  reserva'tion. 

Res'ervoir  (Fr.  ii.  reservoir  =  Lat.  reservafo'rucHi,  a  place  wliere 

anything  is  kept  in  store). 

EXERCISE. 

Tlie  puzzle  is  complicated  and  displays  much  ingenuity  on  the 
part  of  the  inventor.  A  reply  may  be  explicit  without  showing 
duplicity.  It  was  urged  that  the  election  of  delegates  be  postponed. 
The  portmanteau  containing  important  papers  was  left  at  the  mer- 
chant's office.  An  impostor  is  sure  to  show  opposition  to  the  course 
of  justice.  Coleridge  holds  that  it.  is  piossible  to  apprehend  a  truth 
without  comprehending  it.  The  bankrupt  was  so  arrogant  that  his 
creditors  were  not  disposed  to  be  lenient  with  him.  Most  of  the 
questions  proposed  by  the  rector  were  answered  in  the  negative. 
What  is  the  origin  of  the  word  derivation  ?  The  region  is  described 
as  healthful.  The  manuscript  was  transcribed  and  subscribed  by 
the  author.     It  is  salutary  to  be  rivals  in  all  worthy  ambitions. 

186.    SIG'NUM,  a  sign. 

sign:  sign  ;  sig'nal  (-ize) ;  sig'net  ;  sig'nify  ;  significant;  signifi- 
cance; significa'tion  ;  assign'  (Lat.  v.  assi^?ia' re,  to  designate); 
assignee';  consign'  (Lat.  v.  consigna're,  to  seal)  to  intrust  to 
another ;  consign'ment  ;  coun'tersign,  to  sign  ivhat  has  already 
been  signed  by  another;  design',  to  plan;  design'er  ;  des'ignate, 
to  name,  to  point  out ;  designa'tion  ;  en'sign,  the  officer  ivho 
carries  the  flag  of  a  regiment ;  insig'nia,  badges  of  office;  resign' 
(-ation)  ;  sig'nature  (Lat.  n.  signatu'ra,  a  sign  or  stamp). 

187.     SIM'ILIS,  like. 

simil :  sini'ilar  (-ity)  ;  sini'i-le,  a  formal  likening  or  comparison ; 
simil'itude  ;  verisimil'itude  (Lat.  adj.  ve'rics,  true) ;  dissim'ilar  ; 
assim'ilate  ;  fac-sim'ile  (Lat.  v.fac'ere,  to  make),  an  exact  copy ; 
sim'ulate  (Lat.  v.  simula're,  simula'tum,  to  make  like). 


96  WOIID-ANALYSIS. 

Dissimula'tion  (Lat.  v.  dissimula're,  dissimida' tuin,  to  feign); 
dissem'ble  (Fr.  v.  dissei iihler  —  h-di.  dissimida're) ;  reseiii'ble  (Fr. 
\.  resscmhler). 

188.    SIS'TERE :  sisto,  sta'tum,  to  cause  to  stand,  to  stand. 

sist :  assist'  (-ance,  -ant);  consist'  (-eut,  -ency);  desist';  exist'  (for 
ex-sist),  to  stand  out:  hence,  to  be,  to  live  ;  exist'ence;  co-exist' ; 
pre-exist';  insist',  to  stand  upon,  to  urge  firmly ;  persist'  (-ent, 
-ence);  resist'  (-ance,  -ible) ;  subsist'  (-ence). 

189.    SOL'VERE:  servo,  solu'tum,  to  loosen. 

solv  :  solve  (-able,  -ent,  -ency) ;  absolve' ;  dissolve' ;  resolve'. 
solut :  solu'tion  ;  ab'solute  (-ion);  dis'solute  (-ion);  res'olute  (-ion). 

Sol'ul)le  (Lat.  adj.  solu'biUs)  ;  solubil'ity. 

190,    SPEC'ERE  or  SPIC'ERE:  Spe'cio  or  spi'cio,  spec'tum,  to  be- 
hold ;  Spe'cies,  a  kind. 

spic  :  aus'pices  (literally,  omens  drawn  from  the  inspection  of  birds); 
auspi'cious  ;  conspic'uous  (Lat.  adj.  conspic' uus,  wholly  visible); 
conspicu'ity  ;  des'picable  (Lat.  despicab' His,  deserving  to  be  de- 
spised) ;  perspic'uons  (Lat.  adj.  perspic'uus,  tliat  may  be  seen 
through) ;  perspicu'ity  ;  snspi'cion  ;  suspi'cious. 

spect :  as'pect ;  cir'cumspect  (-ion) ;  expect'  (-ant,  -ation) ;  inspect' 
(-ion,  -or) ;  perspec'tive  ;  pros'pect  (-ive) ;  pro.^pec'tus  (Lat.  n. 
prospec'tus,  a  view  forward)  ;  respect'  (literally,  to  look  again  : 
hence,  to  esteem  or  regard)  ;  respect'able  ;  respect'ful  ;  re'tro- 
spoct  (-ive)  ;  suspect'. 

species :  spe'cies  ;  spe'cial  (-ist,  -ity,  -ize)  ;  siie'cie ;  spec'ify  (-ic, 
-ication)  ;  spe'cious,  showy. 

Spec'imen  (Lat.  n.  spec'imen,  a  sample) ;  spec'tacle  (Lat.  n. 
spectac' idum,  anything  presented  to  view) ;  specta'tor  (Lat.  n. 
speda'tor,  a  beholder) ;  spec'ter  (Lat.  n.  spec'trum,  an  image)  ; 
spec'tral  ;  spec'trum  (iil.  spec'tra),  an  image;  spec'troscope  (Gr. 
V.  spok'cin,  to  view),  an  instrument  for  analyrdng  light;  spec'u- 
late  (Lat.  n.  spec'ula,  a  lookout),  to  contemplate,  to  traffic  for 
(jreat  profit ;  specula'tion  ;  spuc'ulative. 


THE    LATIN'    EI.KMKNT.  97 

191.  SPIRA'RE  :  spi'ro,  spira'tum,  to  breathe  ;  Spir'itus,  breath,  spirit. 

spir  :  spir'acle,  a  breathing  i^ore  ;  aspire'  (-ant) ;  conspire'  (-acy) ; 
expire';  expir'ing  ;  inspire';  perspire';  respire';  transpire'. 

spirat :  aspira'tion  ;  as'pirate  ;  conspir'ator  ;  inspira'tion  ;  perspi- 
ra'tion  ;  respira'tion  ;  respir'atorv. 

spii'itus:  sjiir'it  ;  spii-'itiial  (-ity)  ;  spii-'ituous. 

Sprigbt'ly  (spright,  a  contraction  of  spirit)  ;  sprite  (a  contrac- 
tion of  spirit). 

192.    SPONDE'KE:  spon'deo,  spon'sum,  to  promise. 

spoud :  correspond',  to  answer  one  to  another ;  correspond' ence  ;  cor- 
respond'ent ;  despond'  (literally,  to  promise  aAvay :  hence,  to 
give  up,  to  despond)  ;  despond'ency;  respond'. 

spoDs:  spon'sor,  a  surety ;  response'  (-ible,  -ibility,  -ive);  in'espon'- 
sible. 

S^jouse  (Old  Fr.  n.  espous,  espouse  —  Lat.  spon'sus,  spoii'sa) ; 
espouse'  (Old  Fr.  v.  esjwuser  =  Lat.  sponsa're,  to  betroth,  from 
sponde're). 

193.  STA'RE:  sto,  sta'tum  (in  comp.  sti'tum),  to  stand;  pres.  part, 
stans,  stan'tis,  standing);  SIS'TERE:  sis'to,  sta'tum,  to 
cause  to  stand  ;  STATU'ERE  :  stat'uo,  statu'tum,  to  station, 
to  fix,  to  place. 

stant :  cir'cumstance  (from  part,  circunistans',  circumstaii'tis,  through 
Lat.  n.  circumstan'tia,  Fr.  circonstance),  the  condition  of  tilings 
surronnding  or  attending  an  event ;  circiimstan'tial  ;  circumstan'- 
tiate  ;  con'.stant ;  con'stancy  ;  dis'tant  (literally,  standing  asun- 
der :  hence,  remote,  reserved)  ;  dis'tance  ;  ex'tant  ;  in'stant  ; 
instanta'neous  ;  transubstan'tiate,  to  change  to  another  substance. 

Stat :  state  ;  sta'tion  (-ary,  -er,  -ery) ;  state'ly  ;  state'ment ;  states'- 
man  ;  stat'ue  (-ary)  ;  stat'ure. 

stit :  supersti'tion  (literally,  a  standing  over,  as  if  awe-struck); 
supersti'tious. 

statut :  .stat'ute  (-ory). 

stitu :  con'stitute  (literally,  to  set  or  station  together :  hence,  to 
establish,  to  make)  ;  constitu'tion  (-al) ;  constit'uent  ;  constit'- 
uency ;  des'titute  (literally,  put  from  or  away :  hence,  forsaken, 


98  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

in  want  of)  ;  in'stitute  (literally,  to  place  into:  hence,  to  fonnd, 
to  commence)  ;  restitn'tion  ;  sub'stitute  (-ion). 

Sta'ble  ;  (Lat.  adj.  stab'ilis,  standing  firmly);  stab'lish  ;  estab'- 
lish  (-ment)  ;  stay,  literally,  to  keep  standing ;  ar'mistice  (Lat. 
n.  ar'ma,  arms),  a  temporary  stand-still  of  war ;  arrest'  (Old  Fr. 
arrester  —  Lat.  ad  +  restare,  to  stay  back,  to  remain) ;  contrast' 
(Lat.  contra  +  sta're,  to  stand  against)  ;  inter'stice  ;  ob'stacle  ; 
ob'stinate  ;  sol'stice  (Lat.  n.  sol,  the  sun). 

194.    STRIN'GEBE:  strin'go,  stric'tum,  to  bind  ;  to  draw  tight. 

sti-ing  :  strin'gent  ;  astrin'gent  ;  astrin'gency. 

strict:  strict  (-ness,  -ure)  ;  dis'trict,  a  defined  portion  of  a  country; 
restrict'  (-ion). 

Strain  (Old  Fr.  struindre  —  Lat.  strin'gere)  ;  constrain' ;  dis- 
train' ;  restrain' ;  restraint'. 

195.    STEU'ERE  :  stru'o,  struc'tum,  to  build,  to  place  in  order. 

struct :  struct'ure  ;  construct'   (-ion,  -ive)  ;   destrnct'ible  ;  destruc'- 
tion  ;  instruct'  (-ion,  -ive,  -or);  obstruct'  (-ion);  superstruct'ure. 
Con'strue ;   destroy' ;   in'strument   (Lat.   n.  instrumen'tum) ; 
instrumental'ity. 

196.    SU'MERE  :  su'mo,  sump'tum,  to  take  ;  Sump'tus,  cost,  expense. 

sum:  assume';  consume'  (-ei^)  ;  presume';  resume'. 

sumpt:  sumpt'uons  (Lat.  adj.  sumptuo'sus,  expensive);  sumpt'uary, 

relating  to  expense ;  assump'tion  ;  consump'tion  ;  consump'tive ; 

presump'tion  ;  presunip'tive  ;  presump'tnous. 

197.    TAN'GERE:  tan'go,  tac'tum,  to  touch. 

tang:    tan'gent,  u  straight  line   icliich   touches  a  circle   or  curve; 

tau'gible. 
tact:  tact,  peculiar  faculty  or  sJdll ;  con' tact ;  intact'. 

Attain'  (Fr.  v.  attaindre,  to  reach);  attain'able  ;  conta'gion, 

communication  of  disease  by  contact  or  touch ;  contam'inate,  to 

difdi',  to  infect ;  contig'uous  ;  contin'gent. 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  99 

TEMPUS.    (See  page  48.) 
198.    TEN'DERE:  ten'do,  ten'sum  or  ten'tum,  to  stretch. 

tend  :  tend,  to  aim  at,  take  care  of;  tend'ency  ;  attend'  (-ance,  -ant); 
contend' ;  distend' ;  extend' ;  intend'  (literally,  to  stretch  to), 
to  purpose,  to  design;  portend'  (literally,  to  stretch  forward),  to 
presage,  to  betoken ;  pretend'  (literally,  to  sti'etch  forth),  to  affect, 
feel ;  subtend',  to  extend  under  ;  superintend'  (-ence,  -ent). 

tens:  tense  (adj.),  stretched;  ten'.sion  ;  intense'  (-ify);  osten'sible 
(Lat.  V.  osteii.' dere,  to  stretch  out  or  spread  before  one),  ajjparent; 
pretense'. 

tent :  tent,  literally,  a  shelter  of  stretched  canvas ;  tentac'ula,  the 
feelers  of  certain  animals  ;  atten'tion  ;  atten'tive  ;  conten'tion  ; 
conten'tious  ;  extent' ;  intent'  (-ionj ;  ostenta'tion  ;  ostenta'tious  ; 
por'tent,  an  ill  omen. 

199.    TENE'RE  :  ten'eo,  ten'tum,  to  hold  ;  French  Tenir  (radical  tain), 
vf      to  hold. 

ten:  ten'able  ;  ten'ant,  owe  icho  holds  j^ropcrty  under  another;  ten'- 
antry  ;  ten'ement ;  ten'et  (Lat.  tenet,  literally,  "  he  holds"),  a 
doctrine  held  as  true  ;  ten'ure. 

tin  (in  compos.) :  ab'stinent ;  ab'stinence  ;  con'tinent;  incon'tinent ; 
per'tinent  ;  iraper'tinent. 

tent :  content'  (-ment)  ;  contents' ;  discontent' ;  deten'tion  ;  reten'- 
tion  ;  reten'tive  ;  sus'tenance. 

tain :  abstain' ;  appertain' ;  contain' ;  detain' ;  entertain'  (-ment) ; 
pertain' ;  retain'  (-er) ;  .sustain'. 

Tena'cious  (Lat.  adj.  te'nax,  tena'cis,  holding  firmly)  ;  te- 
nac'ity  ;  appur'tenance,  that  which  belongs  to  something  else  ;  con- 
tin'ue  (Fr.  v.  continuer  =  'Lht.  contine're)  ;  contin'ual  ;  contin'- 
nance  ;  continua'tion  ;  continu'ity  ;  discontin'ue  ;  coun'tenance 
(literally,  the  contents  of  a  body  :  hence,  of  a  face) ;  lieuten'ant 
(Fr.  n.  lieu,  a  place) ;  maintain'  (Fr.  n.  main,  the  hand),  lit- 
erally, to  hold  by  the  hand:  hence,  to  support,  to  uphold: 
main'tenance  ;  pertina'cious  ;  pertiuac'ity ;  ret'inue,  a  train  of 
attendants. 


100  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

200.  TER'RA,  the  earth. 

terr:  ter'race  (Fr.  n.  terrasse) ;  terra'cjueous  (Lat.  n.  a'qua,  water); 
terres'trial ;  ter'ritoiy  (-al)  ;  ter'rier,  a  small  dog  that  goes  into 
the  ground  after  burrowing  animals;  Mediterra'nean  (Lat.  n. 
one'dius,  middle)  ;  subteiTa'nean. 

Inter,  to  put  in  the  earth,  to  burij  ;  iuter'meiit  ;  disinter'. 

201.  TES'TIS,  a  witness. 

test:  tes'tily ;  attest'  (-aticii)  ;  contest';  detest'  (-al)le);  protest' 
(-ation,  -ant) ;  prot'estantism. 

Tes'tanient    (Lat.  n.  testamen' turn,  a   will)  ;   testamen'tary  ; 
tcsta'tor  ;  tes'timony  (-al)  ;  intes'tate,  not  having  left  a  ivill. 

202.    TOR'Q,UERE  :  tor'queo,  tor'tum,  to  twist. 

tort:  tort'ure  ;  contort'  (-ion);  distort'  (-ion);  extort'  (-ion,  -ionate); 
retort'. 

Tor'tuous    (Lat.   adj.    tortuo'sus,  very   twisted) ;  tortuos'ity ; 
torment'  (Lat.  n.  tormeyi' turn,  extreme  pain). 

203.    TRA'HEEE  :  tra'ho,  trac'tum,  to  draw;   Fr.   Trair,  past  part. 

Trait. 

tract :  tract  (-able,  -ile,  -ion) ;  ab'stract  (-ion) ;  attract'  (-ion,  -ive); 
contract'  (-ile,  -or);  detract';  distract';  extract'  (-ion,  -o\)  ; 
proti'act' ;  retract'  (-ion)  ;  sul)tract'  (-ion). 

Trace  (Fr.  n.  trace)  ;  track  (Old  Fr.  n.  true);  train;  trait  ; 
treat  (-ise,  -  ment,  -y). 

204.    TRIBU'ERE:  trib'uo,  tribu'tum,  to  allot,  to  give. 
tribut :  trib'nte    (-ary) ;  attrib'ute  ;    contrib'ute    (-ion)  ;  distrib'ute 
(-ion,  -ive)  ;  retribu'tion  ;  retrib'ntive. 

20.'>.    TRU'DERE:  tru'do,  tru'sum,  to  thrust. 

trud:  dctriKlc',  to  thrust  down;  extiude' ;  intrude'  (-er)  ;  obtrude'  ; 
protrude'. 

trus:  abstruse'  (literally,  thrust  away  :  licnce,  dillicult  to  be  under- 
stood); intru'.sion  ;  intru'.sive  ;  obtru'sive  ;  proti'u'.sion. 


THE   LATIN   ELEMENT.  101 

206.    TU'ERE :  tu'eor,  tu'itus  or  tu'tus,  to  watch. 

tuit :  tui'tion,  instruction ;  intui'tion,  tlie  act  or  power  of  the  mind 
by  which  it  at  once  perceives  the  truth  of  a  thing  without  argu- 
ment ;  iutu'itive. 

tut :  tu'tor  ;  tutu'rial ;  tu'torage. 

207.    UN 'DA,  a  wave. 
und  :  abun'dance,  literally,  condition  of  overflowing  —  ahunda're,to 
overflow);  abun'dant  ;  superabim'dant  ;   inun'date    (-ion);  re- 
dun'dant    (literally,  running   back  or  over  :    hence,  exceeding 
what  is  necessary) ;  redundance ;  redun'dancy. 

Un'diilate  (Lat.  n.  un'dulu,  a  little  wave);  undula'tion ; 
un'dulatory ;  abound'  ;  superabound' ;  redound'  (Old  Fr.  v. 
redonder-  Lat.  redunda're,  to  roll  back  as  a  wave  or  flood). 

208.    U'TI:  u'tor,  u'sus,  to  use. 
ut:  uten'.-<il  (Lat.  n.  uten'sile,  something  that  may  be  used);  util'ity 

(Lat.  n.  util'itas,  usefulness) ;  u'tilize. 
us  :  use  (-able,  -age,  -ful,  -less)  ;  us'ual  (Lat.  adj.  usua'lis,  of  fret^ueiit 

use);  u'sury,  illegal  interest  paid  for  the  use  of  money  ;  u'surer  ; 

abuse'  (-ive);  disabuse'. 

209.    VAD'ERE  :  va'do,  va'sum,  to  go. 
vad :  evade' ;  invade'  ;  pervade'. 
vas:  eva'sicvn  ;  inva'sion  ;  perva'sive. 

210.    VALE'RE :  va'leo,   vali'tum,  to  be  strong,  to  be  of  value ;  Val'- 
idus,  strong ;  Vale,  farewell. 

val :  valedic'tory,  lidding  far eicell ;  valetudina'rian  (Lat.  n.  valetiif- 
do,  state  of  health),  a  person  in  ill-health  ;  val'iant,  brave,  heroic; 
val'or  (-ous) ;  val'ue  (-able,  -ation,  -ator) ;  convales'cent,  regain- 
ing liealth  ;  equiv'alent  (Lat.  adj.  e'quus,  equal);  prev'alent,  very 
common  or  general;  prev'alence. 

vail  (Fr.  radical):  avail'  (-able);  prevail'. 

valid  :  val'id  ;  valid'ity  ;  in' valid. 

211.    VENI'RE:  ve'nio,  ven'tum,  to  come,  to  go. 
vent:  vent'ure,  literally,  something  gone  ujwn  ;  vent'uresome  ;  ad'- 
vent ;  adventi'tious,  accidental,  casual ;  advent' ure  (-ous);  cir- 


102  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

cumvent' ;  contraven'tion  ;  con'vent,  a  monastery,  a  nunnery  ; 
conveii'ticle,  a  place  of  assembly  ;  conven'tion  (-al);  event'  (-ful); 
event'ual  ;  invent'  (literally,  to  come  upon),  to  find  out,  to 
contrive;  inven'tion  ;  invent'ive  ;  invent'or  ;  interven'tion  ; 
peradvent'ure  ;  prevent'  (-ion,  -ive). 

Av'enue  (Fr.  n.  avenue,  an  approach  to) ;  contravene' ;  con- 
A'^ene' ;  conven'ient  (Lat.  pres.  part,  convt'niens,  convenien' lis,  lit- 
erally, coming  together),  stdtahle ;  conven'ience  ;  cov'enant,  an 
agreement  between  two  farties;  intervene' ;  rev'enue  ;  supervene', 
to  come  upon,  to  happen. 

212.    VER'BUM,  a  word. 
verb:  verb  (-al,  -ally,  -ose,  -osity);  ad' verb  ;  prov'erb. 

Verba'tim  (Lat.  adv.  verba' tim,  word  for  word);  ver'biage 
(Fr.  n.  verbiage,  Avordiness). 

213.    VER'TERE  :  ver'to,  ver'sum,  to  turn. 

vert:  advert';  inadver'tent  (literally,  not  turning  the  mind  to), 
heedless;  ad'vertise,  to  turn  jndilic  attention  to  ;  adver'tisement  ; 
animadvert'  (Lat.  n.  an'imus,  the  mind),  to  turn  the  mind  to,  to 
censure ;  avert' ;  controvert',  to  oppose ;  convert',  to  change  into 
another  form  or  state  ;  divert' ;  invert',  literally,  to  turn  the  out- 
side in;  pervert',  to  turn  from  the  true  purpose;  retrovert' ;  re- 
vert' ;  subvert'. 

vers:  adverse'  (-ary,  -ity);  animadver'sion  ;  anniver'sary,  the  yearly 
(Lat.  n.  an'nus,  a  year)  celebration  of  an  event;  averse',  having 
a  dislike  to;  aver'sion  ;  con'troversy  ;  converse'  (-ant,  -ation); 
conver'sion  ;  diverse'  (-ify,  -ion,  -ity);  ob'verse ;  perverse'  (-ity); 
retrover'sion ;  reverse'  (-al,  -ion);  subver'sion  ;  subver'sive  ; 
tergiversa'tion  (Lat.  n.  ter'gum,  the  back),  d  stdjfcrfnge ;  trans- 
verse', lying  or  being  across ;  u'niverse  (Lat.  adj.  u'nus,  one),  t}i,e 
system  of  created  things;  univer'sal  (-ist);  univer'sity,  a  univer- 
sal school  in  which  are  taught  all  branches  of  learning. 

Verse  (Lot.  n.  ver'sus,  a  i'urrow),  a  line  in  poetry ;  ver'sifj'  ; 
versifica'tion  ;  ver'sion,  that  which  is  turned  from  one  language 
into  another,  a  statement;  ver'satile  (Lat.  adj.  versat'ilis,  turning 
with  ease);  ver'tex  (pi.  ver'tices),  the  summit ;  ver'tical  ;  ver'- 


THE   LATIN    ELEMENT.  103 

tebra    (pi.   ver'telnvT) ;   ver'tebrate  ;  ver'tigo  ;  vor'tex  (Lat.  n. 
vor'tex,  a  whirlpool);  divorce'  (Fr.  n.  divorce),  a  seimmtion. 

214.    VE'RUS,  true;  Ve'rax,  vera'cis,  veracious. 

ver :  ver'dict  (Lat.  n.  die' turn,  a  saying),  the  decision  of  a  jury  ; 
ver'iiy,  to  prove  to  be  true  ;  verifica'tion  ,  ver'ity  (Lat.  n.  ver'i- 
<as,  truth);  vei-'itable  ;  verisim'ilar,  truth-like;  verisimil'itude  ; 
aver',  to  declare  true  ;  aver'iuent ;     ver'iiy ;  vei-'y. 

verac  :  vera'cious  ;  verac'ity. 

215.  VI'A,  a  way. 
via:  vi'aduct  (Lat.  v.  du'cere,  duc'tum,  to  lead);  viat'icum  (Lat.  n. 
viat'icum,  literally,  traveling  money),  the  sacrament  administered 
to  a  dying  person;  de'viate  (-ion);  de'vious  ;  ob'viate,  to  m^et 
in  the  ivay,  to  remove ;  ob'vious  ;  per'vious,  affording  a  passage 
through  ;  imper'vious. 

Voy'age  (Fr.  n,  voyage);  convoy',  to  escort;  en'voy  (Fr.  v. 
envoyer,  to  send),  one  sent  on  a  sp>ecial  mission;  triv'ial  (Lat.  n. 
triv'ium,  a  cross  road),  trifling  ;  trivial'ity. 

216.    VIDE'RE :  vi'deo,  vi'sum,  to  see. 

vid :  ev'ident,  clearly  seen ;  ev'idence  ;  invid'ious,  literally,  looking 
against:  hence,  likely  to  provoke  envy ;  provide',  to  look  out  for, 
to  supply  ;  prov'idence  ;  prov'ident. 

vis:  vis'ible  ;  vis'ion  (-ary);  advise';  advis'able,  expedient;  im'pro- 
vise,  to  compose  and  recite  vnthout  j)remeditation ;  provis'ion  ; 
revise'  (-al,  -ion);  supervis'ion  ;  supervis'or. 

View  (Fr.  v.  voir,  to  see,  vu,  seen);  review';  in'terview  ; 
vis'age  (Fr.  n.  visage,  the  countenance);  vis'it  (-ant,  -or, -ation); 
vis'or,  2?art  of  a  helmet  perforated  to  see  through  ;  vis'ta  (It.  n. 
vista,  sight),  a  prospect  as  seen  through  an  avenue  of  trees ;  advice'; 
en'vy  (Fr.  n.  envie  =  Lat.  invid'ia,  from  invide're,  to  .see  against); 
in'voice  (It.  n.  avviso,  notice),  a  priced  list  of  goods ;  peruse' 
(Lat.  V.  pervide're,  pervi'sum,  to  look  through) ;  provi'so,  a  stipu- 
lation; pru'dent  (Lat.  adj.  pru'dens  from  prov' idcns) ;  pru'- 
dence  ;  purvey',  to  look  out  for  in  the  way  of  buying  provisions  ; 
purvey'or  ;  survey'  (-or). 


104  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

217.    VIWCERE:  vin'co,  vic'tum,  to  conquer. 

vine  :  viu'cible  ;  invin'cible  ;  convince'  ;  evince',  to  show  dearly. 
vict :  vic'tor  ;  vic'toiy    (-ous);    convict',   to  i)rove  guiltij  of  crime; 

evict',  to  disjjossess  ;  evic'tion. 

Vanquish  (Fr.  v.  vaincre,  vaincu^hat.  vin'ccre);  prov'ince 

(Fr.  n,  iirovince  =  Lat.  i^rovin'cia,  literally, a  conquered  country). 

218.    VOCA'RE :  vo'eo,  voca'tum,  to  call ;  Vox,  vo'cis,  the  voice. 

vocat:  voca'tion,  literally,  calling,  occupation;  voc'ative,  the  case  of 
a  noun  imuhich  the  subject  is  called,  or  addressed;  ad'vocate,  to 
plead  for;  convoca'tion,  an  assembly,  a  meeting;  equiv'ocate 
(Lat.  adj.  c'(;«!«s,  equal),  to  use  loords  of  doubtful  meaning ;  equiv- 
oca'tion  ;  evocn'tion,  act  of  calling  forth ;  invoca'tion  ;  provoca'- 
tion  ;  prove' cative  ;  reA'oca'tion. 

voc  :  A'o'cable  (Lat.  n.  vocctb'ulum,  that  which  is  sounded  with  the 
voice),  a  ivord;  vocab'ulary  ;  vo'cal  (-ist,  -ize);  vociferate,  to 
cry  xoith  a  loud  voice ;  ad'vocacy,  a  pleading  for,  a  defense  ;  irrev'- 
ocable. 

Voice  (Fr.  n.  voix=  Lat,  vox),  sound  uttered  by  the  mouth; 
vouch,  to  call  out,  or  affirm  strongly;  vow'el  (Fr.  n.  vouelle,  a 
voice-sound) ;  advow'soii,  right  of  perpetual  calling  to  a  bene- 
fice ;  convoke',  to  call  together  ;  evoke'  ;  invoke' ;  revoke'. 

219.    VOL'VERE:  vol'vo,  volu'tum,  to  roll. 

volv:  circumvolve' ;  convolve',  to  roll  togther;  devolve';  evolve'; 

involve'  ;  revolve'  (-ion,  -ionist). 
volut :  circumvolu'tion  ;  evolu'tion  ;  revolu'tion  (-ary,  -ist,  -ize). 
Vol'urae  (Lat.  n.  volu'men,  a  roll,  or  inscribed  parchment  sheet 

rolled  up),  a  single  book;  volute',  a  kind  of  rolled,  or  spiral  scroll ; 

vol'uble,  literally,  rolling  easily :  hence,  having  great  fluency  of 

speech  ;  convol'vulus,  a  genus  of  twining  plants ;  revolt'. 

220.    VUL'GUS,  the  common  people. 
vulg :   vul'gar  ;   vid'.^ari.sni  ;    vulgar'ity  ;   vul'gate,  a  Latin  version 
of  the  Scriptures. 

Divulge',  to  make  known  something  before  kept  secret ;  divulge'- 
mcnt  ;  promulgate  (-ion). 


THE   GREEK   ELEMENT. 


105 


PART  III.  — THE  GREEK  ELEMENT. 


L-GEEEK  PEEPIXES. 


Prefix. 

Signification. 

Example. 

Definition. 

^-             1 

a-patliy 

state   of    l)eing    without 

. 

=  icithout;  not 

feeling. 

an- 

an-omalous 

not  similar. 

amphi-theater 

place     for    seeing     all 

amphi- 

=  around;  both 

amphi-bious 

around. 
living  in  both  land  and 
water. 

l 

back;  throiigh- 

ana-logy 

reasoning  back. 

m      ~ 

ana-      \ 

out 

ana-lysis 

loosening  throughout. 

anti-     1 

arjainst ;  oppo- 

anti-patliy 

a  feeling  against. 

ant-       ) 

site 

ant-arctic 

opposite  the  Arctic. 

apo-     j 

ap-        i 

=  avmy ;  out 

apo-stle 
ap-helion 

one  sent  out. 
away  from  the  sun. 

cata-    ) 

cat-       ) 

=  (hni:n  or  against 

cata-ract 
cat-arrh 

a  rushing  douni. 
a  flowing  down. 

1 

dia-meter 

measure     through     the 

dia-      j- 

1 

through  or 
across 

dia-logue 

center, 
speaking    across    (from 

J 

one  to  another). 

dis- 
(li- 

=  fv:o,  double 

dis-syllaV)le 
di-lemma 

a  word  of  two  syllables, 
a  double  assumption. 

dys- 

=  ill 

dys-pepsia 

iil  digestion. 

ec-        ) 

ex-         i 

=  out  of 

ec-centric 
ex-odies 

out  of  the  center, 
an  OH^troinsr. 

Note.  - 

—  ex-  is  used  befon 

i  a  root  beginning  with  a  vowel. 

en-       "1 

em-       j 

=  in  or  on 

en-ergy 
em-phasis 

power  in  one. 
stress  on. 

epi-      ) 

ep-        i 

=  uj^on ;  for  ■ 

epi -dermis 
ep-hemeral 

skin  upon  skin, 
lasting /or  a  day. 

Note.  - 

—  ep-  is  used  before 

:;  a  root  beginning 

with  a  vowel  or  h  aspirate. 

106 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


eu- 

ev- 
hemi- 

hyper- 
hypo- 

nieta- 

inet- 

para- 

par- 

peri- 

pro- 
pros- 


^|•ell  or  good 
■  half- 

over  or  beyond 
■■  under 


eu-phonic 

ev-angel 

hemi-sphere 

hyper-critical 

hyper-boreau 

hypo-thesis 


beyond;  trans-    meta-physics 
ference  met-onymy 

para-  site 


(■  —  by  the  side  of 
i 
J 
=  around 

=  before 
=  to 


par-helioii 

peri-meter 

pro-gramme 
jjros-elyte 


syn-      I 

,■      I 

syl- 
sym-     j 

Note. 
or  m. 


A  a 

B  0  6 

r  y 

A  8 

E  e 

2  C 
H   r, 

Q  6  & 
I   I 

K  K 

A  X 
M  n 


syn-thesis 

=  v:ith  or  together  "'''' 

syl-lable 

sym-pathy 
-  The  form  sy-  is  used  before  s :  syl. 


sounding  well. 

good  news. 

half  a  sphere. 

over-critical. 

beyond  the  North. 

a  placing  under  (=Lat. 
supposition.) 

science  beyond  physics. 

transference  of  name. 

growing  by  the  side  of 
another. 

mock  sun  by  the  side  of 
the  real. 

the  measure  around  any- 
thing. 

something  written  before. 

one  coming  to  a  new 
religion. 

placing  together. 

part  toith  part. 

letters  taken  together. 

feeling  together. 

■  before  I,  sym-  before  b,  2), 


IL-GEEEK  ALPHABET. 


a  A  Ipha. 

1)  Beta. 

g  Gamma. 

d  Delta. 

e  as  in  met  Epsilon. 

z  Zeta. 

e  as  in  me 

th 

i 

k 

1 

m 


Eta. 

Theta. 

Iota. 

Kapfa. 

Lambda. 

Mu. 


N  V 

SI 
O  o 
n  TT  cr 
P  p 

So-,?  final 
T  r 
Y  V 

*  (p 

X  X 

*  yj/' 

SI    03- 


n  Nu. 

X  Xi. 

o  as  in  not  Omicron. 


V 

r 

s 

t 

u  or  y 

ph 

ch 

ps 

o  as  in  no 


Pi. 

Rho. 

Sigma. 

Tau. 

Upsilon. 

Phi. 

ad. 

Psi. 
Omega. 


THE   GREEK   ELEMENT. 


107 


Pronunciation  of  Greelt  Words. 

Gamma  has  always  the  hard  sound  of  y,  as  in  give. 

Kappa  is  represented  hy  c  in  English  words,  although  in  Greek  it 
has  but  one  sound,  that  of  our  k. 

Upsilon  is  represented  by  y  in  English  words  ;  in  Greek  it  has 
always  the  sound  of  u  in  mute. 

Chi  is  represented  in  English  by  ck  having  the  sound  of  Ic ;  as  in 
chronic. 

In  Greek  words,  as  in  Latin,  there  are  always  as  many  syllables 
as  there  are  vowels  and  diphthongs. 

An  inverted  comma  placed  over  a  letter  denotes  that  the  sound 
of  our  h  precedes  that  letter. 


GREEK  ROOTS  AND  ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES. 


DIVISION  I. -PRINCIPAL    GREEK  ROOTS. 


1.   A'ER  (a^p).  the  a  if. 

a'erate,  to  combine  with  air;  to  mix   a'eronaut  (Gv.  n.  7mu'tes,  a  sailor), 

a  haUoonist. 
aerosta'tion,  aerial  navigation. 
air,  tJie  atmosphere  ;  a  melody  ;  (he 

bearing  of  a  person. 
air'y,  open  to  the  air ;  gay,  sprightly. 


ivith  carbonic  ncid. 
a-e'rial,  belonging  to  t/ie  air. 
a'eriform,  having  the  form  of  air. 
a'erolite  (Gr.  n.  lith'os,  a  stone),  a 

vieteoric  stone. 


2.     AG'EIN  (ayca),  to  lend. 


apago'ge,  a  leading  aivaij ;  an  in- 
direct argument. 

dem'agogue  (Gr.  n.  de'mos,  the 
people),  a  misleader  of  the  people. 

parago'ge  (literally,  a  leadinj^  or 
extension  beyond),   the   addition 


of  a  letter  or  syllable  to  the  end  of 

a  word. 
ped'agogue  (Gr.  n.  pais,  a  child), 

a  srli  ooJ  m  aster ;  a  pedantic  person. 
syn'agogue,  a  Jewish  place  of  wor- 

sh  ip. 


3.     A'GON  {ayujf),  a  conte.it. 


ag'ony,  extreme  pain. 
ag'onize,  to  be  in  agony. 
antag'onism,  direct  opposition. 


antag'onist,  or  antagonis'tic,  con- 
tending against. 


108 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


ANC'ELLEIN  (avveAAeu'), /o  hrinf/  tidhigs;  ANG'EL,l,OS  (ayyeAAos), 
«  niesseiujvr. 


an'gel,  a  spiritual  messenger. 
angel'ic,  relating  to  an  angel. 
archan'gel  (Gr.  iirefix  archi-,  cliief), 
an  an  gel  of  the  Jiighest  order. 


evan'gel  (Gr.  prefix  cii,  well),  good 

tidings  ;  t/ic  gospel. 
evan'gelist,    one  of  the  writers  of 

t/ie  four  gospels. 


5.    AR'CHE  {apxq),  hefjlnning,  government ,  chief. 


an'archy,  xmnt  of  government. 

ar'chitect  (Gr.  n.  tck'ton,  work- 
man), literally,  a  chief  builder, 
one  who  dxvises  plans  for  build- 
ings. 

ar'chives,  records. 

hep'tarchy  (Gr.  hepta,  seTeii),  a 
sevenfold  govermnent. 

hi'erarcliy(Gr.  adj.  hVeros,  sacred), 
dominion  in  sacred  things ;  a  sa- 
cred body  of  rulers. 


mon'arch  (Gr.  adj.  mon'os,  alone), 
one  who  rules  alone,  a  sovereign. 

mon'archy,  government  by  one  per- 
son, a  kingdom. 

ol'igarchy  (Gr.  adj.  ol'igos,  few), 
government  by  a  few,  an  aristoc- 
racy. 

pa'triarch  (Gr.  n.  pni'er,  a  father), 
the  fill  Iter  and  ruler  of  afrmily. 

patriar'chal,  relcUing  to  patri- 
archs. . 


6.    AS'TKON  (ao-rpo.'),  a  star. 


as'terisk,  a  via.rJc  like  a  star  (*) 
nsed  to  refer  to  a  note,  and  some- 
times to  mark  an  omission  of 
tvmrls. 

as'teroid  (Gr.  adj.  ei'dos,  like),  one 
(f  the  numerous  small  planets  be- 
tivecn  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

as'tral,  belonging  to  the  stars. 


astrol'ogy,  the  pretended  science  of 
foretelling  events  by  the  stars. 

astron'omy  (Gr.  n.  nom'os,  a  law), 
the  science  that  treats  of  the  stars. 

astron'omer,  one  skilled  in  astron- 
omy. 

disas'ter,  calamity,  misfortune. 

disas'trous,  unlucky ;  calamitous. 


7.    AU'TOS  (ai;T09),  o»»e'.s  self. 


autobiog'raphy  (Gr.  n.  bi'os,  life, 
graph' ein,  to  write),  the  life  of  a 
person  rcritten  by  himself. 

au'tocrat  (fir.  n.  krat'os,  power), 
an  absolute  ruler. 

autocrat'ic,  like  an  autocrat. 


au'tograph,  one's  oxen  hnndwriting. 

autom'aton  (Gi'.  mema'otcs,  striv- 
ing after),  a  self-acting  ma- 
chine. 

authen'tic,  genuine,  true. 

authentic'ity,  genu  incness. 


THE    GREEK   ELE:\IENT. 


109 


8.    BALXEIN  ((SaAAeii'),  to  throw  or  cast. 


em'blem,  a  representation ;  a  type. 
emblemat'ical,  containimj  an  em- 

blcvi . 
hyber'bole,  a  figure  of  speech  ichich 

represents  things  greater  or   less 

than  thcu  arc. 


par'able,   a  stonj  ichich  illustrates 

smiw  fiict  or  doctrine. 
parab'ola,  one  of  the  conic  sections. 
prob'lem,    a  question  proposed  for 

solution. 
sym'bol,  a  sign;  a  rcpresentntion. 
symbol'ical,  representing  by  signs. 


9.     BAP'TEIN  OaTTTeii),  to  wash,  to  dip. 


bap'tism,  a  Christiun  sacrament,  in 
the  observance  of  which  the  indi- 
vidual is  sprinkled  with  or  im- 
mersed in  ivater. 

baptize',  to  sprinkle  with  or  im- 
merse in  water. 

bap'tismal,  ^vr/ai?un(/  to  ba2)tisni  : 
as  baptismal  vows. 


bap'tist,  one  icho  approves  only  of 

baptism  by  immersion. 
anabap'tist,  one  who  believes  that 

only  adults  should  be  baptized. 
catabap'tist,  one  opposed   to   baj)- 

tis)a. 
pedobap'tism  (Gr.  pais,  paidos,  a 

cliikl),  infant  baptism. 


10.    CHRON'OS  (xpouo';),  time. 


chron'ic,  lasting  a  long  time  ;  picri- 

odical. 
chron'icle,  a  record  of  events  in  the 

order  of  time  ;  a  history  recording 

facts  in  order  of  time. 
chronol'ogy,  the  science  of  comp)ut- 

ing  the  dates  of  past  events. 


chronom'eter  (Gr.  n.  mct'ron,  a 
nioasure),  an  instrument  for  meas- 
uring time. 

anach'ronism,  a7i  error  in  comput- 
ing time. 

syn'chronal,      )  cxistingat  the  same 

syn'chronous,  )      time. 


11.    GRAM'MA  (ypa/xixa),  a  letter. 


gram'mar,  the  science  of  language. 
gramma'rian,  one  skilled  in  or  who 

teaches  grammar. 
grammat'ical,  according  to  the  rules 

of  grammar.  I 

an'agram,  tJie  change  of  one  word 

into   another  by  transposing   the 

letters. 
di'agram,    a   uniting  or    drawing 

made  for  illustration. 


ep'igram,  a  short  jwcm  ending  with 
a  witty  thought. 

mon'ograni(Gi. adj.  rnon'os,  alone), 
a  character  com2)osed  of  several 
letters  interwoven. 

pro'gramme,  oirler  of  any  entertain- 
ment. 

tel'egi-am  (Gr.  te'le,  at  a  distance), 
a  message  sent  by  telegraph. 


110 


WOIJD-ANALYSIS. 


12.    GRAPH'EIN 

graph'ic,    tvdl   delmcated ;    ijiviny 

vivid  description. 
au'tograph.     See  au'tos. 
biog'raphy  (Gr.  ii.   hi'os,  life),  the 

history  of  a  life. 
calig'raphy  (Gr.  adj.  kaVos,  beau- 
tiful), beautiful  writing. 
geog'raphy  (Gr.  n.  ge,  the  earth),  a 

descriptiou  of  the  earth. 
historiog'rapher  (Gr.  n.  histo'ria, 

history),   one  appointed   to  ivrite 

history. 
hol'ograph  (Gr.  ailj.  hol'os,  whole), 

a  deed  or  laill  wholly  written  by 

the  grantor  or  testator. 
lexicog'rapher  (Gr.  n.    lex'icon,  a 

dictionary),  t/ie  compiler  of  a  dic- 
tionary. 
lith'ograph  (Gr.  n.  lith'os,  a  stouc), 

an  impression  of  a  drctwing  made 

on  stone. 
lithog'raphy,  the  art  of  ivriting  on 

and     taking     impressions    from 

stone. 


(ypa.<iinv),  to  write, 

orthog'raphy  (Gr.  adj.  orHliOS,  cor- 
rect), the  correct  spelling  of  words. 

pho'nograph  (Gr.  u.  pho'ne,  sound), 
an  instrwtnent  for  the  meehanieal 
registratioji  and  reproduction  of 
audible  sounds. 

phonog'raphy,  a  system  of  short- 
liand ;  the  art  of  constructing  or 
of  using  the  phonogra2)h. 

photog'raphy  (Gr.  n.  phos,  phot'os, 
light),  the  cert  of  producing  pic- 
tures by  light. 

stenog'raphy  (Gr.  adj.  sten'os,  nar- 
row), tlie  art  of  writing  in  short- 
hand. 

tel'egraph  (Gr.  te'le,  at  a  distance), 
an  apparcctus  for  conveying  intel- 
ligence to  a,  distance  by  means  of 
electricity. 

topog'raphy  (Gr.  n.  top'os,  a  place), 
the  description  of  a  particular 
place. 

typog'raphy  (Gr.  n.  tu'pos,  a  type), 
the  art  or  operation  of  printing. 


13.    HOD'OS  (65os),  a  wnif. 


ep'isode,  an  incidental  story  intro- 
duced into  a  2}ocm  or  narrative. 

ex.'odvLS, ^departu7-e  from  a  place; 
the  second  book  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. 

meth'od,  order,  system,  tcay,  man- 
ner. 

Meth'odist,  the  followers  of  John 


Wesley.  (The  name  has  refer- 
ence to  the  strictness  of  the  rules 
of  this  sect  of  Christians). 

pe'riod  (Gr.  n.  period'os,  a  passage 
lound),  the  time  in  which  any- 
tiling  is  performed;  a  kind  of 
sentence  ;  a  piunctiuition  mark. 

syn'od,  a  meeting  of  ecclesiastics. 


14.     HU'DOR  (p6ojp),  tvatcr. 


hy'dra,  a  water-snake;  a  fabulous 
iitons/er  serpent  slain  by  Hercules. 

hydran'gea,  a  genus  of  plants  re- 
'inarkable  for  their  absorjdion  of 
water. 


hy'drant,  a  iccder-plug. 

hydrau'lic  (Gr.  n.  au'los,  a  pipel, 
relating  to  the  motion  of  ivater 
through  pipes  ;  worked  by  water. 


THE   GREEK    ELEMENT. 


Ill 


hydrau'lics,  the  science  which  (reals 

of  fiuids  in  hiotion. 
hydroceph'alus   (Gr.   n.    Ixph'ale, 

tlie  lieiid),  drojjsij  of  the  head. 
hy'drogen  (Gr.  v.  geu'ein,  to  beget), 

ft.  gtis  tchich  with  vxygcii,  produces 

wetter. 
hydrog'raphy,  the  art  of  maritime 

surcct/iny  and  mapping. 


hydrop'athy  (Gr.  n.  2^'^dh'os,  feel- 
ing), tlie  wuter-cwrc. 

hydropho'bia  (Gr.  n.  ])hob'os,  fear)^ 
literally,  dread  of , water ;  canine 
madness.  ' 

hy'dropsy,  a  collection  of  icater  in, 
the  body.  ("Dropsy"  is  a  con- 
traction of  hydropsy). 

hydrostat'ics,  the  science  which 
treats  of  fluids  at  rest. 


15.    KR.4.T'OS  (xpaT05),  rule,  government,  strength. 

dem'ocrat,  one  who  upholds  democ- 
racy ;  in  the  United  States,  a 
member  of  the  democratic  parly . 

theoc'racy,  yorernmcnt  of  a  state  by 
divine  direction,  as  the  ancient 
Jewish  state. 


aristoc'racy(Gr.  adj.  aris'tos,  best), 
iiui'ernment  by  nobles. 

aris'tocrat,  one  who  favors  aristoc- 
racy. 

au'tocrat.      See  au'tos. 

democ'racy  (Gr.  n.  de'mos,  the  peo- 
ple), ijovcrnment  by  the  ixople. 


16.    LiOG'OS  (Aoyo?),  speech,  ratio,  description,  science. 


log'ic,  the  science  and  art  of  reason- 
ing. 

logi'cian,  one  skilled  in  logic. 

log'arithms  (Gr.  n.  arith'mos,  num- 
ber), a  class  of  numbers  tha,t 
abridge  arithnulical  calculations. 

anal'ogy,  a  resemblance  of  ratios. 

ap'ologue,  a  moral  fable. 

apol'ogy,  a  defense,  an  excuse. 

cat'alogue,  a  list  of  names  in  order. 

clironol'ogy.    (See  chronos.) 

conchol'ogy  (Gr.  n.  kon'chos,  a 
slipll),  t'lc  science  of  shells. 

d3c'alogue  (Gr.  dek'a,  ten),  the  ten 
coiiunandmcnts. 

doxol'ogy  (Gr.  n.  doxa,  glory),  a 
hi/utn  expressing  glory  to  God. 

ec'logue,  a  pastoral  poem. 

entomol'ogy  (Gr.  n.  ento'ma,  in- 
sects, and  V.  te.m'nein,  to  cut),  the 
natural  history  of  i)isecti. 


ep'ilogue,  a  short  poem  or  speech  at 
the  end  of  a  play. 

etymol'ogy  (Gr.  el' union,  true 
source),  a  part  of  grammar ;  tfie 
science  of  the  derivation  of  ivords. 

eu'logy,  praise,  conLmcndation. 

gene'J'ogy  (Gr.  n.  gen'os,  birtli), 
history  of  the  descent  of  families. 

geol'ogy  (Gr.  ii.  ge,  the  earth),  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  internal 
structure  of  the  earth. 

mineral'ogy,  the  science  of  miwrals. 

mythol'ogy  (Gr.  n.  mu'thos,  a  fable), 
a  system  or  science  of  fables. 

ornithol'ogy  (Gr.  n.  or'nis,  orhii- 
thos,  a  bird),  the  natural  history 
of  biirls. 

pathol'ogy  (Gr.  n.  path'os,  suffer- 
ing), that  part  of  medicine  which 
treats  of  iJie  causes  and  nature  of 
dimises. 


112 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


philol'ogy  (Gr.  pJiil'os,  loving, 
ibud  of),  the  science  tvhich  treats 
of  languages. 

phrenol'ogy  (Gr.  ii.  phren,  the 
iiiiiul),  the  cert  of  reading  themind 
from  the  form  of  the  skull. 

physiol'ogy  (Gr.  n.  phu'sis,  nature), 
the  science  wldch  treats  of  the  or- 
ganism of  plants  and  animals. 

pro'logue,  verses  recited  as  intro- 
duetorjj  to  a  play. 

psychology  (Gr.  n.  psiCche,  the 
soul),  ■iiLodal  philosophy ;  doctrine 
of  mans  spiritual  nature. 


syl'logism,  a  form  of  reasoning  con- 
sisting of  three  propositio7is. 

tautol'ogy  (Gr.  tau'to,  the  .same), 
a  reijetitioii  of  the  same  idea  in 
different  words. 

technology  (Gr.  n.  fech'ne,  art),  ct 
description  of  the  arts. 

theol'ogy.     See  theos. 

toxicol'ogy  (Gr.  n.  tox'icon,  poison), 
the  science  which  treats  of  poisons 
and  their  effects. 

zooi'ogy  (Gr.  n.  zo'on,  an  animal), 
that  'part  of  naturcU  history  ivhich 
treats  of  animals. 


17.    MET'RON  (fieTpov),  a  measure. 


me'ter,  arrcmycment  of  poetical  feet ; 

a  measure  of  length. 
met'ric,  denoting  measurement. 
met'rical,  pertaining  to  meter. 
anemom'eter  (Gr.  n.  an'emos,  the 

wind),  an  instrument  measuring 

the  force  and  velocity  of  the  ivind. 
barom'eter  (Gr.  n.  bu'ros,  weight), 

an,     instrument     that     indicates 

changes  in  the  weather. 
diam'eter,   meccsure   through   any- 

th  iiig. 
geom'etry  (Gr.  n.  ge,  the  earth),  « 

hrnnch  of  ma.theviatics. 
hexam'eter  (Gr.  hex,  six),  a  line  of 

six  poetic  feet. 
hydrom'eter  (Gr.  n.  hu'dor,  water). 


ail  instr  anient  for  determining  tlte 
spiecifc  gravities  of  liquids. 

hygrom'eter  (Gr.  adj.  hu'gros,  wet), 
an  instrumen,t  fur  measuring  the 
degree  of  moisture  of  the  atmos- 
2)here. 

pentam'eter  (Gr.  pen'tc,  five),  a 
line  of  five  poetic  feet. 

perim'eter,  the  external  boundary 
of  a  body  or  figure. 

sym'metry,  the  proportion  or  har- 
mony of  parts. 

thermom'eter  (Gr.  adj.  ther'mos, 
warm),  an  instrument  for  meas- 
ing  the  heat  of  bodies. 

trigonom'etry  (Gr.  n.  trigo'non,  a 
triangle),  a  branch  of  viathematics. 


18.    MON'OS  {ixovoi),  solo,  alone. 


mon'achism,  the  condAtion  of  monks; 
a  monastic  life. 

mon'ad,  something  ultimate  and  in- 
divisible. 

mon'astery,  a  house  of  religious  re- 
tirement. 

monk  (Gr.  n.  mon'achos),  a  religious 
recluse. 


monog'amy  (Gr.  n.  gam'os,  mar- 
riage), tlie  marriage  of  one  xoife 
only. 

mon'ologue  (Gr.  n.  log'os),  a  speech 
uttered  by  a  2»'rson  alone. 

monoma'nia  (Gr.  n.  via'nia,  mad- 
ness), madness  confined  to  one  snb- 
ject. 


THE   GREEK   ELEMENT.  113 

monop'oly  (Gr.  v.  pol'cin,  to  sell),  I      tJic  belief  in  tiic  existence  of  only 

the  .w/c  power  of  selling  anything.        one  God. 
monosyl'lable,  a  word  of  one  syl-    mon'otone,  uniformity  of  tone. 

Idhle.  m.onoi'oii.y,same7iess  of  sound;  want 

mon'otheism  (Gr.  n.  t/ic'os,  God),  I      of  variety. 

19.     O'DE  (w6r)),  a  song. 

ode,  a  lyric  2)oem.  i  pros'ody,  the  study  of  versification. 

niel'ody  (Gr.  n.  mel'os,  a  song),  an !  psal'mody,   the  2iracticc  of  singing 


agreeable    succession    of   musical 
sounds. 
par'ody,  the  alteration  of  the  jvords 
of  an  author  to  another  subject. 


2)salms. 

trag'edy  (Gr.  n.  trag'os,  a  goat*),  a 
dramatic  rrp)rescntation  of  a  sad 
or  calamitous  event. 


EXERCISE. 

The  periods  of  astronomy  go  far  beyond  any  chronology.  The  phono- 
graph and  the  telegraph  are  both  American  inventions.  By  the  aid  of  a 
diagram  the  2»'ohIe)n  was  readily  solved.  Dr.  Holmes,  the  Autocrat  of 
the  Breakfast  Table,  has  written  many  ;jarorfiVs.  In  the  struggle  between 
mmiarchy  and  democracy  Mexico  has  often  been  in  a  state  of  anarchy. 
His  antagonist  suffered  great  agony  from  the  disaster  that  occurred.  The 
eulogy  pronounced  on  the  great  zoologist  Agassiz  was  well  deserved. 
What  is  the  etymological  distinction  between  geogra2)hy  find  geology  ?  The 
aeronaut  took  with  him  a  barometer,  a  thermometer,  and  a  chronometer. 
I  owe  you  an  a2)oIogy  for  not  better  knowing  your  genealogy.  Tyiwgra2ihy 
has  been  well  called  "  the  art  preservative  of  all  the  arts."  Who  is  called 
the  great  American  lexicogya2)her  ?  Tautology  is  to  be  avoided  by  all 
who  make  any  })retence  to  grammar.  One  may  be  a  democrat  without 
being  a  demagogue.  You  cannot  be  an  architect  without  knowing  geom- 
etry. Zoology  shows  that  there  is  great  symmetry  in  the  structure  of 
animals.  Tlie  pretensions  of  astrology  are  now  dissipated  into  thin  air. 
Many  persons  skilled  in  physiology  do  not  believe  in  hydropathy.  Long- 
fellow's "Evangeline"  is  written  in  hexameter,  and  Milton's  "Paradise 
Lost"  in  pentameter. 

20.    ON'OMA  (ovofxa),  a  name. 

anon'ymous,  without  a  name.  I  on'omatopce'ia,  theforming  of  words 

meton'ymy,  a  rhetorical  figure  in       tchose  sound  suggests  the  sense, 
which  mu  word  is  put  for  another.  !  paron'ymous,  of  like  derivation. 

*  For  the  explanation  of  the  etymology  see  Webster's  Unabridged. 


114 


WOED-ANALYSIS. 


patronym'ic  (Gr.  n.  pat'c?;  a  father), 
a  name  derived  from  a  parent  or  \. 
ancestor. 

pseu'donym    (Gr.     adj.    jyseu'dcs, 
false),  a  fictitious  name. 


syn'onym,  a  word  having  the  same 
meaning  as  another  in  the  same 
language. 


panace'a  (Gr.  v.  ak'eomai,  I  cure), 
«  universal  cure. 

pan'creas  (Gr.  n.  kre'as,  flesli),  a, 
fleshy  gland  situated  at  the  bottom 
of  the  stomach. 

pan'dect,  a  treatise  which  combines 
the  whole  of  any  science. 

panegyr'ic  (Gr.  n.  ag'ora,  an  as- 
sembly), an  oration  in  praise  of 
some  person  or  event. 


21.  PAN  (tto-v,  TTavTo;),  all;  whole. 

pan'oply  (Gr.  n.  hop'la,  armor),  a 
complete  suit  of  armor. 

panora'ma  (Gr.  n.  hor'ama,  a  sight 
or  view),  a  large picttire  gi-adually 
unrolled  before  an  assembly. 

pan'theism  (Gr.  ii.  thc'os,  God),  tlie 
doctrine  that  nature  is  God. 

pan'theon,  a  temple  dedicated  to  all 
the  gods. 


pan'tomime,  a  scene  or  representa- 
tion in  dumb  shoiu. 


22.  PA'THOS  (raeo;),  suffering,  feeling. 

pathet'ic,  affecting  the  emotions. 
pathol'ogy,  the  science  of  diseases. 
allop'athy,  a  made  of  medical  prac 

lice. 
antip'athy,  dislike,  aversion. 


ap'athy,  loant  of  feeling. 
homeop'atliy,   a  mode  of  medical 

practice. 
hydrop'athy.     See  hudor. 
sym'pathy,  fclloivfeeling. 


23.    PHIL'OS  (iJ)iAo?),  a  friend,  a  lover. 


Philadelphia  (Gr.  w.  adcl'phns,  a 

brotliev),  literally,  the  city  ofbroth- 

rrhj  love. 
jshilan'thropy   (Gr.   n.  anthro'pos, 

a  man),  love  of  mankind. 
philharmon'ic  (Gr.  n.  harmohiia, 

harmony),     loving     harmony    or 

m  usic. 


philos'ophy  (Gr.  n.  sophi'a,  wis- 
dom), the  general  I'dtvs  or  prin- 
ciples belonging  to  aiiy  department 
of  knowledge. 

philos'opher,  one  versed  in  philos- 
ophy or  science. 

philosoph'ic      )  rekding  to  2)hiloso- 

philosoph'ical  )      ji)/i)/. 


24.  PHA'NEIN  {<l>°-i.i'eu'),  to  rmise  to  appear;  PHANTA'SIA  ('/lacTacria), 
an  image,  an  idea. 

diaph'anous,  translucent.  i  fan'cy,  a  jjleasing  image  ;  a  conceit 

epiph'any,  the  festival  commemora-       or  whim. 

five  of  the  mcinife  station  of  Christ  fan'ciful,  full  of  fancy  ;  abounding 

by  the  star  of  Bethlehem.  I     in  wild  images. 


THE   GREEK   ELEMENT. 


115 


fanta'sia,  a  musical  comjjosition 
avowedly  not  governed  by  the  or- 
dinary musical  rules. 

phan'tom,  a  sjjeclcr,  an  apparition. 

phase,  an  aj^pearancc. 

phenom'enon,    anything  2^Te'iented 


to  the  senses  by  e.vperiment  oi-  ob- 
servation;  an  unusual  aj^pcar- 
ancc. 
syc'ophant  (Gr.  n.  siikon,  a  fig, 
and,  literally,  an  informer  against 
stealeis  of  tigs),  a  mean  flatterer. 


",        .         >  according  to  sound. 
phon'ic      ) 

eu'phony,    an   agreeable   sound   of 

icords. 


25.    PHO'NE  (^urT,),  a  sound. 

sym'phony,  harmony  of  mingled 
sounds  ;  a  musical  composition  for 
a  full  hand  of  instruments. 


26.    PHOS  (0WS,  (i>wTos),  light. 


phos'phorus  (Or.  v.  pherein,  to 
bear),  a  substance  resembling  wax, 
highly  inflammable,  and  lumi- 
nous in  the  dark. 

phos'phate,  a  salt  of  p)liosphoric 
acid. 

27.    PHC'SIS 

phys'ic,  medicines. 

phys'ical,  natural ;  material ;  re- 
lating to  the  body. 

physi'cian,  one  skilled  in  the  art  of 
hea  ling. 

phys'icist,  a  student  of  nature. 

phys'ics,  natural  philosophy. 

physiog'nomy  (Gr.  n.  gno'mon,  a 
judge),  the  art  of  discerning  the 

28.  por'is 

police',  the  body  of  officers  employed 
to  secure  the  good  order  of  a 
city. 

pol'icy,  the  art  oi-  manner  of  govern- 
ing a  nation  or  conducting  public 
affairs  ;  prudence. 

pol'itic,  wise,  expedient. 

polit'ical,  relating  to  politics. 

politi'cian,  one  devoted  to  politics. 

pol'itics,  the  art  or  science  of  govern- 
ment ;  struggle  of  parties. 


phosphores'cent,   luminous  in  the 

dark. 
phosphor'ic,  relating  to  or  obtained 

from  phos])horus. 
photog'raphy.     See  grajihein. 
I 
(<|)ucri5),  nature. 

character  of  the  mind  from  the 
features  of  the  face  ;  the  particular 
cast  of  features  or  countenance. 

phj'siol'ogy.     See  logos. 

metaphys'ics,  literally,  after  or  be- 
yond physics ;  hence,  the  science 
of  mind. 

metaphysi'cian,  one  versed  in  meta- 
physics. 

(woAts),  a  city. 

,  pol'ity,  the  constitution  of  civil  gov- 
\      emmcnt. 

I  acrop'olis  (Gr.  adj.  ak'ros,  high),  a 
citadel. 
cosmop'olite  (Gr.  n.  kos'mos,   the 
I      world),  a  citizen  of  the  icorld. 
I  metrop'olis  (Gr.  n.  me'ter,  a  nioth- 
I      er),  the  chief  city  of  a  country. 
[  necrop'olis  (Gr.  adj.  nek'ros,  dead), 
a    burial-place ;     a    city    of   tJie 
i      dead. 


116 


WORD-AXALYSIS. 


29.    BHE'O  (pew),  I  flow,  I  siicak. 


rhet'oric,  the  art  of  composition ; 
the  science  of  oratory. 

rhetori'cian,  one  skilled  in  rhetoric. 

rheu'matism,  a  disease  of  the  limbs 
(so  called  because  the  ancients 
supposed  it  to  arise  from  a  de- 
flection of  the  humors). 


res'in,  a  gum  which  floivs  from  cer- 
tain trees. 

catarrh',  adiscliargeoffluidfrom  the 
nose  caused  by  cold  in  the  head. 

diarrhoe'a,  jmrgi^uf. 

hem'orrhage  (Gr.  n.  haima,  blood), 
a  flowing  of  blood. 


30.    SKOP'EIN  (o-Kon-eu'),  to  see,  to  watch. 


scope,  space,  aim,  intention. 
bish'op  (Gr.  n.  epis'kojios,  overseer), 

a  clergyman  idio  has  charge  of  a 

diocese. 
epis'copacy,  church  government  by 

bishops. 
epis'copal,  relating  to  episcopacy. 
kalei'doscope     (Gr.     adj.     kal'os, 

beautiful),  an  optical  instrument 

in  which  ice  see  an  endless  variety 

of  beautiful  patlcrns   by   simple 

change  of  position. 


mi'croscope  (Gr.  adj.  mik'ros, 
small),  an  instrument  for  examin- 
ing snvdl  objects. 

micros'copist,  one  skilled  in  the  itse 
of  the  rn  icroscope. 

steth'oscope  (Gr.  n.  steth'os,  the 
breast),  an  instrument  for  exain- 
ining  the  state  of  the  chest  by 
sound. 

tel'escope  (Gr.  te'lc,  afar  off),  an 
instrument  for  viewing  objects  far 
of. 


31.    TAK'TOS  (rax'To?),  arranged;   TAX'IS  (rofis),  arrangement. 


tas'tics,  the  evolution,  maneuvers, 

etc.,  of  military  and  naval  forces  ; 

the  science  or  art  ichich  relates  to 

these. 
tacti'cian,  one  skilled  in  tactics. 
syn'tax,  the  arrangement  of  ivords 

into  sentences. 


syntac'tical,  relating  to  syntax. 

tax'idermy  (Gr.  n.  der'ma,  skin), 
the  art  ofjjreparing  and  arranging 
tlie  skins  of  animals  in  their  nat- 
ural appearance. 

tax'idermist,  one  skilled  in  taxi- 
dermy. 


32.     TECH'NE  {rexfri),  art. 


tech'nical,  relating  to  an  art  or 
profession. 

tachnical'ity,  a  technical  expres- 
sion ;  that  which  is  technical. 

tichnol'ogy,  a  treatise  on  or  descrip- 
tion (f  the  (iris. 


technol'ogist,  one  skilled  in  tech- 
nology. 

poly tech'nic (G r.  n(V].pol'us,  many), 
comprising  iwoiy  arte. 

pyr'jbechny  (Gr.  n.  pur,  fire),  the 
art  of  making  fireioorks. 


THE   GREEK    ELEMENT. 


117 


33.    THE'OS  (eeos),  God. 
the'ism,  Iclicf  in  the  existence  of  a    a'theist,  one  who  does  not  believe  in 


God. 

theoc'racy.     (See  trntos.) 

theol'ogy.     (See  logos.) 

apotheo'sis,  glorijication,  deifica- 
tion. 

a'theism,  disbelief  in  the  existence 
of  God. 


the  existence  of  God. 
enthu'siasm,  heat  of  imaginatioii ; 

ardent  zeal. 
pan'theism.     (SeejM«.) 
pol'ytheism  (Gr.  adj.  j^olus,  many), 

tlic  doctrine  of  a  2)lurality  of  Gods. 


34.    TITH'ENI  (TiBivai.),  to  place,  to  set 

theme,  a  subject  set  forth  for  dis- 
cussion. 

the'sis,  a  x>'''oposition  set  forth  for 
discussion. 

anath'ema,  an  ecclesiastical  curse. 

antith'esis,  opposition  or  contrast 
in  words  or  thoughts. 


hypoth'esis,  a  supposition. 
paren' thesis,  something  inserted  in 

a  sentence  which  is  coraijletc  icith- 

out  it. 
syn'thesis,   a  putting  together,  as 

opjMsed  to  analysis. 


35.    TON'OS  (toio?),  tension,  tone. 


tone,  tension,  vigor,  sound. 

ton'ic,  adj.  increasing  tension  or 
vigor;  n.  a  medicine  ichi^h  in- 
creases strength. 

tune,  a  series  of  musical  notes  on  a 
particular  key. 

attune',  to  make  musical ;  to  'nuike 
one  sound  agree  with  another. 


bar'ytone  (Gr.  adj.  ba'rus,  heavy), 

a  male  voice. 
diaton'ic,  2}''oeeeding  by  tones  and 

semitones. 
in'tonate,    to  sound;    to  modulate 

the  voice. 
intone',  to  give  forth  a  slotc,  pro- 

tracted  sound. 
sem'itone,  half  a  tone. 


REVIEW  EXERCISE  ON  GREEK   DERIVATIVES. 

1.  Derivation  of  "antithesis  "  ?  —  Compose  an  example  of  an  antithesis. 

—  Point  out  the  antithesis  in  the  following  :  — 

"  The  prodigal  rohs  his  heir  ;  the  miser  robs  himself." 
"  A  wit  with  dunces  and  a  dunce  with  wits." 
"Though  deep,  yet  clear,  though  gentle,  yet  not  dull. 
Strong  without  rage,  without  o'erflowing,  full." 

2.  Derivation  of   "hypothesis." — Give   an  adjective  foimed  from  this 

noun.  —  "What  Latin  derivative  corresponds  literally  to  "  hypothe- 


118  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

sis"?  Ans.  Supiwsition. — Show  this.  ^?i5.  Sup[>osition  is  composed 
of  sub  =  hypo  (under),  and  position  (from  ^;o)icre,  to  pLace)  =  tliesis, 
a  placing.  —  What  adjective  from  "supposition"  would  correspond 
to  "hypothetical"?     Ans.  Supimsititious. 

3.  Derivation  of  "  parenthesis"  ?  —  Compose  a  parenthetical  sentence. 

4.  What  is  the  opposite  of  "synthesis"?  —  Give  the  distinction.     Ans. 

Analysis  is  taking  apart  ;  synthesis  is  putting  together. — What 
adjective  is  derived  from  the  noun  "  synthesis  "  ? 
5  What  adjective  is  formed  from  "demagogue"?  Ans.  Demagogic  or 
demagogical.  —  Define  it.  —  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the 
word  "demagogue."  Model:  "  Aaron  Burr,  to  gain  popularit}', 
practiced  the  arts  of  a  demagogue." 

6.  What  adjective  is  formed  from    "pedagogue"?    Ans.   Pedagogic. — 

What  would  the  '■'pedagogic  art"  mean  ?  ■ — Is  "  pedagogue  "  usually 
employed  in  a  complimentary  sense  ? —  Give  a  .synonym  of  "peda- 
gogue "  in  its  literal  sense. 

7.  Derivation  of  "  anarchy  "  ?  — Compose  a  sentence  containing  this  word. 

Model:  "Many  of  the  South  American  States  have  long  been 
cursed  by  anarchy." 

8.  What  adjective  is  formed  from  "monarchy"?     Ans.  Monarchical. — 

Define  it.  —  Can  you  mention  a  country  at  present  ruled  by  a  mon- 
archical government  ?  —  What  is  the  ruler  of  a  monarchy  called  ? 

9.  Compose   a   sentence    containing    the  word     "oligarchy."      Model  : 

"During  the  Middle  Ages  some  of  the  Italian  republics,  as  Genoa 
and  Venice,  were  under  the  rule  of  an  oligarchy." 

10.  From  what  root  is  "  democracy  "  derived?  —  What  adjective  is  formed 

from  "  democracy  "  ?  —  Is  Russia  at  present  a  democracy?  —  Can  you 
mention  any  ancient  governments  that  for  a  time  were  democracies  1 

11.  What  adjective  is  formed  from  "  aristocracy  "  ?  —  What  noun  will  de- 

note one  who  believes  in  aristocracy  ?  Ans.  Aristocrat.  —  What 
does  "aristocrat"  ordinarily  mean?  Ans.  A  proud  or  haughty 
person  who  holds  himself  above  the  common  people. 

12.  W^hat  is  the  etymology  of  "  thermometer  "  ? 

13.  Illustrate  tlie  meaning  of  "  chronometer"  by  using  it  in  a  sentence. 

14.  What  adjective  is  formed  from  "diameter"?    Ans.   Diametrical. — 

What  adverb  is  formed  from  "  diametrical "  ?  —  What  is  meant  by 
the  expression  "  diametrically  opposed  "  ? 

15.  What  science  was  the  forerunner  of  astronomy  ?    Ans.  Astrology.  — 

Give  the  derivative  of  this  word.  —  What  word  denotes  one  who  is 


THE   GREEK   ELEMENT.  119 

skilled  in  astronomy  ?  —  Form  an  adjective  from  "astronomy."  — 
Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "astronomy."  Model  : 
"  The  three  great  founders  of  astronomy  are  Co[)ernicus,  Kepler, 
and  Newton." 

16.  From  what  root  is  "telescope"  derived  ?  —  Combine  and  define  tele- 

scop +ic.  —  Compose  a  sentence  using  the  word  "telescope.'.' 

17.  From  what  root  is   "microscope"  derived?  —  Combine  and  define 

mieroscop  +  ic.  — -What  single  word  denotes  microscopic  animals  ? 
Ans.  Animalculce.  —  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word 
"microscope."  Model:  "  As  the  telescope  reveals  the  infinitely 
distant,  so  the  microsmpe  reveals  the  infinitely  little." 

18.  Compose   a  sentence  containing  tlie  word  "antipathy."     Model: 

"That  we  sometimes  have  antipathies  which  we  cannot  explain  is 
well  illustrated  in  the  lines  : 

'  The  reason  why  I  cannot  tell, 
I  do  not  like  you,  Dr.  Fell'  " 

19.  "What  adjective  is  formed  from  "apathy"  ? 

20.  Derivation  of  "  sympathy  "  ?  —  Give  a  synonjTn  of  this  Greek  deriva- 

tive. Ans.  Compassion.  —  Show  why  they  are  literal  sjTionyms. 
Ans.  Sym  =  con  or  com,  and  pathy  =  passion  ;  hence,  compassion  = 
sympathy.  —  Give  an  English  derivative  expressing  the  same 
thing.     Ans.  Felloiv-feeliiui. 

21.  From  what  two  roots  is  "autocrat"  derived?  —  Form  an  adjective 

from  "autocrat."  — Who  is  the  present  "autocrat  of  all  the  Rus- 
sias"?  —  Could  the  Queen  of  England  be  called  an  autocrat?  — 
Why  not  ? 

22.  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word   "autograph."     Model: 

"There  are  only  two  or  three  autographs  of  Shakespeare  in  ex- 
istence." 

23.  Derivation  of  "automaton"?  —  Illustrate  tlie  signification  of  the 

word  by  a  sentence. 

24.  What  word  would  denote  a  remedy  for  "all  the  ills  that  flesh  is  heir 

to"  ?  —  Compose  a  sentence  containing  the  word  "panacea." 

25.  Derivation  of  "panoply"  ?  —  In  the  following  sentence  is  "panoply" 

used  in  a  literal  or  a  figurative  sense  ?  "  We  had  need  to  take  the 
Christian  ^ayio/j/y,  to  put  on  the  whole  armor  of  God." 

26.  From  what  two  roots  is  "  pantheism  "  derived  ?  —  What  word  is  used 

to  denote  one  who  believes  in  pantheism  ? 


120 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


27.  Can  you  mention  an  ancient  religion  in  wliich  there  were  many  gods  ? 

—  Each  divinity  might  have  its  own  temple  ;    Init  what  name 
would  designate  a  temple  dedicated  to  all  tlie  gods  ? 

28.  Give  an  adjective  formed  from  the  word  "panorama."  —  Compose  a 

sentence  using  the  woi'd  "  panorama." 

29.  What  is  the  derivative  of  "eulogy"  ? —  Illustrate  its  meaning  by  a 

sentence.  —  Form  an  adjective  from  "eulogy." 

30.  What  is  the  etymology  of  "  pseudonym  "  ?  —  Give  an  example  of  a 

pseudonym. 


Division  II. -ADDITIONAL  GREEK   ROOTS  AND  THEIR 
DERIVATIVES. 


ach'os,  jmin  —  ache,  headache. 

ainig'ma,  a  riddle  —  enigma. 

ak'me,  a  2mvit  —  acme. 

akou'ein,  io  Jtear  —  acoustics. 

ak'ros,  hirjh  —  acropolis  (polis). 

allel'on,  each  other  —  parallel,  par- 
allelogram. 

an'er,  a  man  —  Andrew,  Alexander. 

an'thos,  afov:r.r  —  anther,  anthol- 
ogy, ]>olyanthus. 

anthro'pos,  n  man  —  anthropology, 
aiitlnopophagi,  misanthrope,  phil- 
anthropist, philanthropy. 

ark'tos,  a  bear  —  arctic,  antarctic. 

ar'gos,  idle  —  lethargy,  lethargic. 

aris'tos,  best  —  aristocrat  (kratos), 
aristocrac}',  aristocratic. 

arith'raos,  number  —  arithmetic, 
arithmetician,  logarithm,  loga- 
rithmic. 

aro'ma,  sjike,  odor — aromatic. 

arte'ria,  a  bloodvessel  —  artery,  arte- 
rial. 

ask'ein, /o  discipline  —  ascetic,  as- 
ceticism. 

asphal'tos,  jritch  —  asphalt. 

ath'los,  a  contest  —  athlete,  athletic. 


at'mos,  vapor,  smoke  —  atmosphere, 

atmospheric, 
au'los,  ('  pipe  —  hydraulic. 

bal'samon,  balsam  — balm,  embalm. 

ba'ros,  weight — barometer,  barytes. 

ba'sis,  the  bottom — base,  baseless, 
basement,  basis. 

bib'lion,  a  book  —  bible,  biblical. 

bi'os,  life  —  biograi)hy,  biology. 

bo'tane,  a  plant  —  botanic,  botani- 
cal, botanist,  botany. 

bron'chos,  the  throat  —  bronchial, 
bronchitis. 

bus'sos,  bottom  —  abyss. 

cha'lups,  steel  —  chalybeate. 

charas'sein,  to  stamp  —  character, 
characterize,  characteristic. 

cha'ris,  grace  —  eucharist. 

cheir,  the  hand  —  surgeon  (short 
for  chirurgeon),  surgical. 

chlo'ros,  green  —  chloride,  chlorine. 

chol'e,  bi/e  —  choler,  cholera,  chol- 
eraic, melancholy. 

chor'de,  n  string  —  chord,  cord, 
cordage. 


THE   GREEK    ELEMENT. 


121 


cliris'tos,  anointed — clirism, Christ, 
Christian,  Christmas,  Christen- 
dom, antichrist. 

chro'ma,  color — chromatic,  chrome, 
chromic,  chromotype,  achromatic. 

chru'sos,  gold  —  chrysalis,  chryso- 
lite. 

chu'los,  the  viiJkij  juice  formed  hy 
digestion  —  chyle,  chylifaction. 

chu'mos,  juice  —  chyme,  chemist, 
chemistry,  alchemy,  alchemist. 

dai'mon,  a  spirit  — •  demon,  demo- 
niac, demonology. 

de'mos,  the  people  —  demagogue, 
democracy,  democrat,  endemic, 
ejndemic. 

den'dron,  a  tree  —  dcndrologj',  rho- 
dodendron. 

der'ma.  the  skin  —  epidermis. 

des'potes,  a  ruler  —  despot,  des- 
]>otic,  despotism. 

diai'ta,  manner  of  life—  diet,  diet- 
ary, dietetic. 

dido'ni,  to  give  —  dose,  antidote, 
anecdote. 

dog'ma,  an  opinion  —  dogma,  dog- 
matic, dogmatize,  dogmatism. 

dox'a,  an  ojrinion,  glory — doxology, 
lieterodox,  orthodox,  paradox. 

dram'a,  a  stage-play  —  drama,  dra- 
matic, dramatist. 

drom'os,  a  course  —  dromedary, 
hippodrome. 

drus,  an  oak  —  druid,  druidical. 

duna'thai,  to  be  able  —  dynamics, 
dynamical,  dynasty. 

dus,  ill,  wrong — dysentery  (entcra, 
the  bowels),  dyspepsia  (jieptcin, 
to  digest). 

ekkle'sia,  tlie  church  —  ecclesiastes, 
ecclesiastic,  ecclesiastical. 


e'chein,  to  sound — echo,  catechise, 

catechism,  catechumen, 
eklei'pein,  to  fail — eclipse,  ecliptic, 
elek'tron,    amber  —  electric,    elec- 
tricity, electrify,  electrotype. 
em'ein,  to  vomit  —  emetic, 
ep'os,  a  word  —  epic,  orthoepy, 
er'emos,  dxsert,  solitary  —  hermit, 

hermitage, 
er'gon,  a  v:ork  —  energy,  energetic, 

surgeon  (cheir,  the  hand), 
eth'nos,  a  nation  — ethnic,  ethnical, 

ethnography,  ethnology, 
eth'os,    custom,    manner  —  ethics, 

ethical, 
eu,    good,  well  —  eulogy,   eulogize, 

euphony,  evangelical. 

gam'os,  marriage  —  bigamy,  polyg- 
amy, misogamist. 

gas'ter,  the  stomach  —  gastric,  gas- 
tronomj-. 

ge,  the  earth — geography,  geology, 
geological,  geometry,  George, 
apogee,  perigee. 

gen'naein,  to  pivduce  —  genealogy, 
genesis,  heterogeneous,  homoge- 
neous, hydrogen,  nitrogen,  ox  \'geu. 

gignos'kein,  to  know  —  diagnosis, 
diagnostic,  prognosticate. 

glos'sa,  glot'ta,  the  tongue — glossa- 
ry, glottis,  polyglot. 

glu'phein,  to  carve — hieroglyphics. 

gno'mon,  an  indicator  —  gnomon, 
]ihysiognomy  (])husis). 

go'nia,  a  corner  —  diagonal,  hepta- 
gon, hexagon,  octagon,  trigono- 
metry. 

gum'nos,  naked — gymnasium,  gym- 
nast, g}-mnastics. 

hai'rein,  to  take  or  choose  —  heresy, 
heretic,  heretical. 


122 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


harmo'nia,  a  fitting  together  —  har- 
mony, harmonious,  harmonize, 
liarmonium. 

hek'aton,  a  hundred  —  hecatomb. 

he'lios,  the  sun  —  heliotrope,  aphe- 
lion, perihelion. 

he'mera,  a  day  —  ephemeral. 

hep'ta,  seven  —  heptagon,  hep- 
tarchy. 

he'ros,  a  hero  —  liero,  heroic,  hero- 
ine, heroism. 

het'eros,  another,  unlike  —  hetero- 
dox, heterodoxy,  heterogeneous. 

hex,  six  —  hexagon,  hexangular. 

hi'eros,  sacred  —  hierarchy,  hiero- 
glyphics {glyphcin,  to  carve). 

hip'pos,  a  horse  —  hippodrome,  hip- 
popotamus, Philip,  philippic. 

hol'os,  a.U —  holocaust,  holograph, 
catholic,  catholicity. 

hom'os,  like,  the  same  —  homogene- 
ous (gennacin,  to  produce). 

hor'os,  a  boundary  —  horizon,  aph- 
orism. 

hu'men,  the  god  of  marriage  —  hy- 
meneal. 

hum'nos,  a  song  ofjyraise  —  hymn, 
hymnal,  hymnolog}^. 

Ich'thus,  a  fish  —  ichthyology, 
id'ea,  a  form  or  pattern — idea,  ideal. 
id'ios,   peculiar  —  idiom,    idiosyn- 
crasy, idiot,  idiotic, 
is'os,  equal  —  isothermal. 

kai'ein,  to  burn  —  caustic,  cauterize, 

holocau.st  (holos,  whole), 
ka'kos,  bad  —  cacojihony. 
ka'los,  beautiful  —  caligraphy,  calo- 

type,  kaleidoscope  (skopcin). 
kal'uptein,  to  conceal  —  apocalypse. 


kan'on,  a  rule  —  canon,  canonical, 
canonize. 

kar'dia,  the  heart  —  cardiac,  peri- 
cardium. 

ken'os,  empty — cenotaph. 

keph'ale,  the  head  —  acephalous, 
hydrocephalus  (hydor). 

ker'as,  a  horn  —  rhinoceros. 

kle'ros,  a  portion —  clergy,  clerical, 
clerk,  clerkship. 

kli'max,  a  ladder  —  climax. 

kli'nein,  to  bend — clinical,  recline. 

ko'mos,  a  merry  feast  —  comedy, 
(ode),  comedian,  comic,  encomium. 

ko'nein,  to  serve  —  deacon,  deacon- 
ship,  diaconal,  diaconate. 

ko'nos,  Lat.  conus,  a  cone  —  cone, 
conic,  conical,  coniferous,  coni- 
form. 

kop'tein,  to  cut  —  coppice,  copse, 
syncope. 

kos'mos,  theU'Orld —  cosmography, 
cosmopolitan. 

kri'tes,  a  judge  —  crisis,  criterion, 
critic,  critical,  criticism,  hypo- 
crite. 

krup'tein,  to  conceal  —  crypt,  apoc- 
rypha. 

krustal'los,  ice  —  crystal,  crystal- 
lize. 

kuk'los,  cc  circle  —  cycle,  encyclical, 
Cyclops,  cj'clades,  encyclopsedia. 

kulin'dros,  a  roller  —  cylinder. 

lam'banein,  to  take  —  syllable,  dis- 
syllable, poh'Syllable. 

lam'pein,  to  shine  ■ —  lamp. 

la'os,  the  peo27le  —  layman,  laity. 

latrsi'a,  worship  —  idolatry,  heli- 
oliitiy. 

lith'os,  a  stone  —  litharge,  litho- 
graph, aerolite. 


THE   GREEK   ELEMENT. 


123 


lu'ein,  to  loosen  —  analysis,  paraly- 
sis, paralytic,  palsy. 

man'ia,  madness  —  mania,  maniac. 

mar'tur,  a  icitness — martyr,  niar- 
tyrdoni,  iiiart)-rology. 

meFas,  Mack  —  melanchol}',  Jlela- 
nesia, 

me'ter,  a  mother  —  metropolis. 

mik'ros,  small  —  microcosm,  micro- 
scope, microscopic. 

mi'mos,  an  imitator  —  mimic,  mim- 
icry, pantomime. 

mor'phe,  s/wjjc — amorphous,  meta- 
morphosis. 

mu'rias,  ten  tkousa'nd  —  myriad. 

mu'thos,  a  fable  —  myth,  mythol- 
ogy- 

nar'ke,  torpor — narcissus,  narcotic. 
naus,    a   ship  —  nausea,    nauseate, 

nautical,  nautilus,  aeronaut. 
nek'ros,  dead  —  necropolis, 
ne'sos,  an  island  —  Pol3^nesia. 
nom'os,  a  law  —  astronomy,  Deu- 

teronom  y,  econom  y  (oil-os,  a  house) , 

economic. 

ol'igos,  few  —  oligarchy  (arclie). 

or'phanos,  deserted  —  orphan,  or- 
phanage. 

or'thos,  right,  straight  —  orthodox, 
orthoepy,  orthography. 

paidei'a,  instruction  —  cyclopedia. 

pais,  a  child  —  pedagogue,  pedant, 
pedantic,  pedohaptist. 

pap'as,  Lat.  papa,  a  father  —  pa- 
pacy, pope,  popedom,  popery. 

paradei'sos,  a  pleasant  garden  — 
paradise. 

pat'ein,  to  walk  —  peripatetic. 

pen'te,  five  —  pentagon,  pentecost. 


pet'ra,  a  rock  —  Peter,  petrescent, 
petrify,  petroleum,  saltpeter. 

phob'os,/c«r — hydropliobia  (/aftZor, 
water). 

phra'sis,  speech  —  phrase,  phrase- 
ology, paraphrase. 

phren,  tlie  mind —  phrenology,  fran- 
tic, frenzy. 

phu'ton,  a  plant  —  zoophyte. 

pla'naein,  to  wander  —  planet, 
planetary. 

plas'sein,  to  mould  —  plaster,  plas- 
tic. 

pleu'ra,  the  side  —  pleurisy. 

pneu'ma,  breath,  spirit  —  pneu- 
matic. 

po'lein,  to  sell  —  bibliopolist,  mo- 
nopoh%  monopolize. 

pol'us,  mcmy —  polygamy,  polyglot, 
polysyllable,  polytechnic. 

por'os,  a  passage  —  pore,  porosity, 
porous,  emporium. 

pofamos,  a  river  —  hippopotamus. 

pous,  the  foot  —  antipodes,  polypus, 
tripod. 

pras'sein,  to  do  —  practice,  practi- 
cal, practitioner,  impracticable. 

presbu'teros,  elder  —  presb}^ery, 
presbyterian,  presbyterianism. 

pro'tos,  first  —  protomart}'r. 

psal'lein,  to  touch,  to  sing  —  psalm, 
psalmist,  psalmody,  psalter. 

pur,  fi,rc  —  pyramid,  pyrotechny. 

rhin,  tJie  nose  —  rhinoceros. 
rhod'on,  a  rose  —  rhododendron. 

sarx,  flesh  —  sarcasm,  sarcastic,  sar- 
cophagus. 

sched'e,  a  she/it  —  schedule. 

sche'ma,  a,  plan  —  scheme. 

schis'ma,  adivision — schism,  schis- 
matic. 


124 


WOED-ANALYSIS. 


sit'os,  corn  —  parasite,  parasitical. 

skan'dalon,  disgrace  —  scandal, 
scandalous,  scandalize,  slander, 
slanderous. 

skeptes'thai,  to  consider  —  sceptic, 
sceptical,  scepticism. 

skep'tron,  an  emblem  of  office  — 
scepter. 

soph'ia,  wisdoin,  —  soyiliist,  sophis- 
try, philosoijher  (philos),  philoso- 

sphai'ra,  a  globe  —  sphere,  spheri- 
cal, spheroid,  hemisphere. 

stal'aein,  to  drop  —  slalactite,  sta- 
lagmit£. 

stel'lein,  to  send  —  apostle,  apos- 
tolic, epistle,  epistolary. 

sten'os,  narrow  —  stenography. 

sthen'os,  strength  —  calisthenics. 

stig'ma,  a  mark  —  stigma,  stigma- 
tize. 

strat'os,  an  army  —  stratagem, 
strateg}',  strategist. 

stroph'e,  a  turning  —  apostrophe, 
catastrophe. 


ta'phos,  a  tomb  —  epitaph,  ceno- 
taph. 

tau'to,  the  same  —  tautology. 

tek'ton,  CO  builder  —  architect. 

te'le,  far  off —  telegraph,  telescope. 

tem'nein,  to  cut  —  atom,  anatomy, 
anatomist. 

tet'ra,  four —  tetragon,  tetrarch. 

ther'me,  heat  —  thermal. 

thron'os,  a  throve  —  throne,  en- 
throne. 

topics,  a  2}lace  —  topography. 

trep'ein,  to  txirn  —  trope,  tropic, 
tropical,  heliotrope. 

tu'pos,  astamj) — tyjie,  typography, 
jirototype. 

turan'nos,  a  ruler  —  tyrant,  tyran- 
nical, tyrannize,  tyranny. 


zein,  to  boil  —  zeal,  zealous, 
zephu'ros,  the  west  wind  —  zephyr, 
zo'on,  an  animal  —  zodiac,  zoology, 
zoological,  zoophyte. 


THE   ANGLO-SAXON    ELEMENT.  1:25 


PART  IV.— THE  ANGLO-SAXON  ELEMENT. 

I.  -  ANGLO-SAXON  PEEFIXES. 

A  —  (corrupted  from  A.-S.  o?i)  signifies  in,  on,  at :  as  abed,  aboard, 
aside,  aback  ;  and  gives  the  adverbial  form  to  adjectives,  as  in 
aloud,  aboard. 

Be  —  gives  a  transitive  signification,  as  in  bespeak.  It  is  some- 
times intensive,  as  in  bestir,  and  converts  an  adjective  into  a 
verb,  as  in  bedim.  Be,  as  a  form  of  by,  also  denotes  proximity, 
as  in  beside  :  as  bystander. 

For '  —  means  privation,  or  opposition  :  as  forbear,  forbid,  forget. 

Fore  —  before:  as  foretell,  forebode. 

Mis — error,  itrongness :  as  mistake,  misstate,  misinform. 

N — has  a  negative  signification,  as  in  many  languages  :  thus,  never, 
neither,  none. 

OflF —  from  offspring. 

Out  —  beyond :  as  outdo,  outlaw. 

Over  —  above:  as  overhang,  overflow,  overturn. 

To  —  in  to-day,  to-morrow,  a  corruption  of  ths. 

Un  —  not,  the  reverse  :  as,  unskilled,  iinleamed. 

Under  —  beneath :  as  undermine. 

"With  —  against  (German  ivider)  :  as  withstand. 


11.  -  ANGLO-SAXON  SUFFIXES. 

Ar,  ard,  er,  yer,  ster-  —  signifying  ageiit  or  doer;  as  in  beggar, 
drunkard,  l)eginner,  lawyer,  spinster.    Er  forms  verbs  of  adjec- 

1  For  is  tlifferent  from/ore,  and  corresponds  to  the  German  ver,  different  from  vor. 
A,  be,  for,  ge,  are  often  indifferently  prefixed  to  verbs,  especially  to  perfect  tenses 
and  perfect  participles,  as  well  as  to  verbal  nouns.  —  Bosworth. 
-  Stcr  was  the  Anglo-Saxon  feminine  termination.    Females  once  conducted  the  work 


126  WOKD-ANALYSIS. 

tives,  as  lower,  from  low,  and  also  forms  the  comparatives  of 
adjectives. 

Ess,  as  in  songstress,  is  borrowed  from  the  French. 

Dom,  ship,  ric,  wic  —  from  dom,  judgment  ;  shij),  shape  or  condi- 
tion ;  ric,  rice,  power  ;  unc,  a  dwelling — signify  state,  condition, 
quality,  etc.,  as  in  kingdom,  friendship,  bishopric,  Berwick. 

El,  kin  {^chen,  German),  let  (from  French),  ling,  ock  —  have  a 
diminutive  effect,  as  in  manilvin,  streamlet,  youngling,  hillock, 
cockerel. 

En  —  adjective  termination,  as  wooden,  from  wood  ;  it  also  converts 
adjectives  into  verbs,  as  deepen  from  deep. 

Fold  —  from  fealdan,  to  fold  ;  a  numeral  termination,  like  ^jZc,  from 
the  Latin  j^Hc'^,  I  fold. 

Ful  — full  ;  truthful. 

Hood,  ness  —  of  uncertain  derivation,  signify  state,  etc.,  as  in 
priesthood,  righteousness. 

Ish  —  isc  (Saxon),  isch  (German),  denotes  a  quality  ;  like  rakish, 
knavish,  churlish,  Danish.  Ish  is  also  employed  as  a  diminu- 
tive —  blackish. 

Less  —  loss :  as  penniless,  hopeless. 

Like  and  ly^ — like;  lie  (A.-S.)  :  as  warlike,  manly. 

Some  —  sum  (A.-S.),  sam  (German),  lonesome,  handsome. 

Teen  —  ten,  as  in  fourteen. 

Ty  —  from  tic/  (A.-S  ),  ten  ;  zig  (German),  as  in  six-tij.  Teen  adds 
ten  —  ty  multiplies  by  ten. 

"Ward  —  rveard,  xdirts  (German),  versus  (Latin),  against,  direction, 
towards  ;  downward,  eastward. 

"Wise  —  wisa,  manner  ;  likewise. 

Y- — i(j,  an  adjective  termination  ;  dreorig  (A.-S.),  dreary. 

of  brewing,  baking,  etc.,  hence  brewster,  baxter  ;  these  words  were  afterwards  applied 
to  men  when  they  undertook  the  same  work.  Ster  is  now  used  in  depreciating,  as  in 
trickster,  youngster. 


THE  ANGLO-SAXON  ELEMENT.  127 

ANGLO-SAXON  ROOTS  AND  ENGLISH  DERIVATIVES. 

In  pronouncing  Saxon  words,  all  the  letters  have  the  same  powers 
as  those  of  the  modern  English  alphabet  except  c,  which  always 
has  the  power  of  k  :  thus,  cyng  is  pronounced  as  if  written  Icing,  and 
cyth,  kindred,  as  if  written  kith. 

J,  k,  q,  V,  and  z  do  not  occur  in  Anglo-Saxon,  but  civ  has  the 
power  of  qu,  and  ?/,  at  the  end  of  a  syllable,  or  between  two  vowels, 
has  the  sound  uf  v  :  thus,  nmi,  a  \vou.vdn  =  queen ;  heauth^r^heaveth ; 
and  euen  =  even. 

The  vowels  sound  as  in  mcd,  pen,  sin,  not,  and  fun.  A,  e,  and  i, 
with  an  acute  accent  over  them,  have  sounds  corresponding  to  the 
vowels  heard  in  lame,  vene,  and  fine;  6  accented  sounds  like  oo  in 
moon,  and  ^  accented  sounds  like  &u  in  house  ;  thus,  ham  =z]iame; 
f('t  =feet ;  die  =  dike ;  hoc  =  hook;  and  mUs  =  mouse. 

Diphthongs  were  never  used  by  the  Saxons.  In  pronouncing  the 
words  that  contain  them,  eacli  vowel  has  a  distinct  sound.  Ae, 
generally  written  ce,  seems  to  be  a  distinct  letter  having  the  sound 
of  a  in  hat :  thus,  blaec  or  blmc  =  black ;  glaed  or  glced  =  glad.  A  e 
accented  has  the  sound  of  «  m  father,  as  in  Idcdan  or  Icedan,  to  lead, 
and  Idem,  or  Icern,  to  teach. 

Oe  was  introduced  by  the  Scandinavians,  but  it  seldom  occurs. 
Where  it  is  used,  as  in  dmmxxn,  to  deem,  it  lias  the  sound  of  e  in  me. 

E  before  a  and  o  has  the  sound  of  1/  as  a  consonant  ;  i  before  e 
and  u  has  the  same  sound  :  thus.  Earl  =  yarl ;  eow  =  you ;  iett  = 
yctt ;  and  lugoth  =  yugoth,  youth. 


acsian,  to  inquire  —  ask. 
sec,  an  oak — acorn,  oak,  Auckland. 
secer,  a,  field  —  acre,  aci'eage. 
ser,  before  —  early,  eve,  erelong,  erst. 
aft,  hind-part  —  after,  abaft. 
agan,  to  have  —  owe,  own,  owner, 
ought,  disown. 


bsec,    hack  —  backbite,  Jbackslide, 

backward,  aback. 
bselg,  a  bay. 
bsenc,  a  bank  or  raised jjlace —  bank, 

banker,    bankrupt,    bankruptc}', 

bench,  embankment, 
bald,  hold,  brave  —  bold,  boldness. 


arisan,  to  arise  —  raise,  rise,  rouse.  1  bana,  death  —  bane,  baneful,  hcn- 

I      banc. 
bacan,    to    bake  —  baker,    bakery,  ;  beacnian,  to  &cc/;o>i — beck,  beckon, 
bakehouse,  batidi.  |      beacon. 


128 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


bellan,  to  roar  —  bawl,  bellow. 

beodan,  to  jiray,  to  hid  —  bid,  bid- 
ding, bead,  beadsman,  beadle,  for- 
bid, unbidden. 

beorgan,  to  protect  —  borough,  bor- 
row, burgh,  burglar,  burrow,  har- 
bing(;r,  harbor,  berth. 

beorht,  bright  —  bright. 

beran,  to  bear,  to  bring  forth  —  bar- 
row, bear,  bier,  birth. 

bidan,  to  wait  —  abide. 

bindan,  to  bind — band,  bond,  bond- 
age, bundle. 

blcec,  jxile  —  bleach,  bleacher,  bleak, 
bleakness. 

blawan,  to  blow  —  blade,  bladder, 
Ijlast,  blaze,  blazon,  blister,  blos- 
som, blow,  blush,  bluster. 

bletsian,  to  bless  —  bless,  blessing. 

brad,  broad  —  broad,  breadth,  board, 
aboard. 

brecan,  to  break  —  bray  (to  pound), 
breach,  breaker,  breakfast,  brink, 
broken. 

breost,  the  breast  —  breast,  breast- 
plate, breastwork,  abreast. 

breowan,  to  hrcio  —  brew,  brewer, 
brewery. 

brucan,  to  ^tse  —  broker,  brokerage, 
brook  (to  endure). 

buan,  to  cultivate  —  boor,  boorish, 
neighbor^  neighborhood. 

bugan,  to  hoiv  or  bend  —  bay,  bight, 
bough,  bow,  buxom,  elbow. 

byldan,  to  design,  to  make  —  build, 
builder,  building. 

byrnan,  to  burn  —  brand,  brandish, 
brandy,  brimstone,  brown,  brunt, 
auburn,  firebrand. 

caelan,  to  cool  —  chill,  chilblain. 
ceapian,  to  bay  —  cheap,  cheapen, 
clieapness,  chaffer,  chapman. 


cennan,  to  2)roducc — kin,  kind, 
kindness,  kindred,  akin,  man- 
kind. 

ceorl,  a  churl  —  carle,  churlish. 

claene,  clean — -clean,  cleanly,  clean- 
liness, cleanse,  unclean. 

clath,  cloth —  clothe,  clothier,  cloth- 
ing, clad,  unclad. 

cleafan,  to  cleave  ;  clifian,  to  ad- 
here —  cleaver,  cliff,  clover,  club. 

cnafa,  a  boy  —  knave,  knavery. 

cnawan,  to  know  —  knowledge,  ac- 
knowledge, foreknow,  unknown. 

cnyll,  a  loud  noise  —  knell. 

cnyttan,  to  knit  —  knitting,  knot, 
knotty,  net,  network. 

cracian,  to  crack ;  cearcian,  to 
creak  ■ —  crack,  crackle,  creak, 
cricket,  croak,   screech,  shriek. 

cuman,  to  come  —  comely,  comeli- 
ness, become,  overcome,  welcome. 

cunnan,  to  know,  to  be  poioerful  — 
can,  con,  cunning,  keen. 

cwellan,  to  slay  —  kill,  quell 

dseg,  a  day  —  dawn,  dajdight,  day- 
star,  daisy  =  day's  eye. 

dfel,  a  part  —  deal,  dole,  ordeal. 

deor,  a  mild  animal  —  deer. 

deorc,  dusky  or  black  —  dark,  dark- 
en, darkly,  darkness. 

die,  a  dyke  —  dig,  ditch,  ditcher. 

disc,  a  plate  —  desk,  disc,  dish. 

dceman,  to  think  —  deem. 

dom,  judgment  —  doom,  doomsday. 

don,  to  do  —  doer,  deed,  undo. 

dragan,  to  draw  —  drag,  draggle, 
drain,  draught,  draughtsman, 
draw,  dray. 

drifan,  to  drive  —  drift,  driver, 
drove. 

drigan,  to  dry  —  drysaltei',  drouglit, 


THE   ANGLO-SAXON    ELEMENT. 


120 


drug    (originally    dried   i^lants), 

druggist. 
drincan,  to  suck  in  —  drench,  drink, 

drunk,  drunkard,  drunken, 
drypan,    to   drip    or    drop  —  drip, 

drop,  droop,  dribble,  drivel. 
dwinan,  to  pine  —  dwindle,  dwine. 
dyn,  a  noise  —  din,  dun. 

eage,  the  eye  —  eye,  e3'eball,  eye- 
bright,  eyelid. 

eald,  old —  alderman,  earl. 

efen,  just  —  even,  evenness. 

erian,  to  plough,  to  ear  —  earth, 
earthy,  earthquake. 

faeger,  bright  —  fair,  fairness. 

faer,  fear  —  fearful,  fearless. 

faran,  to  go  —  fare,  farewell,  ferry, 
ford,  seafaring,  wayfarer. 

fedan,  to  feed  —  feed,  feeder,  fodder, 
food,  father,  fatherlj'. 

fengan,  to  seize  —  fang,  finger. 

feond,  CI71  enemy  —  fiend,  fiendish. 

fledgan,  to  fly  —  flag,  flake,  fledge, 
flee,  flicker,  flight. 

fleotan,  to  float  —  float,  fleet. 

fldwan,  to  flow  —  flood,  flow. 

folgian,  to  go  after  —  follow. 

tot,  the  foot  —  foot,  fetter,  fetlock. 

fredn,  to  love  —  free,  freedom, 
friend,  friendship. 

fretan,  to  gnaw  —  fret,  fretful. 

fugel,  a.  bird  —  fowl,  fowler,  fowl- 
ing-piece. 

ful,  unclean  —  filth,  filthy,  foul,  ful- 
some. 

fallian,  to  whiten  —  full  {to  scour 
and  thicken  cloth  in  a  mill),  ful- 
ler, fuller's-earth. 

ijr,  fl,re — fiery,  fireworks,  bonfire. 


gabban,  to  mock  —  gabble,  gibe, 
gibbeiish,  jabber. 

galan,  to  sing  —  nightingale. 

gangan,  to  go  —  gang,  gangway. 

gast,  a  ghost  —  gas,  ghastly,  ghost, 
ghostly,  aghast. 

geard,  an  enclosure  —  garden,  or- 
chard, yard. 

geotan,  to  2>our  —  gush,  gut. 

gerefa,  a  governor  —  gi-ieve  (an 
overseer),  sheriff,  sheriffdom. 

getan,  to  get  —  get,  beget,  begotten, 
forget,  forgetful. 

gifan,  to  give  —  give,  gift,  forgive, 
forgiveness,  misgive,  uuforgiven. 

glowan,  to  glow  —  glow,  glowing. 

go'd,  good — God,  gospel,  gossip. 

grass,  grass  —  grass,  graze,  grazier. 

grafan,  to  dig  —  grave,  graver, 
gi-aft,  groove,  grove,  grub,  en- 
grave. 

grapian,  to  grapple;  gri'pan,  to 
gripe  ;  gropian,  to  grope  —  grap- 
ple, grapnel,  gripe,  grope,  group, 
grovel. 

greot,  dust  —  gritty,  groats. 

growan,  to  groiv  —  grow,  growth. 

grund,  the  ground — ground,  ground- 
less, groundsel,  groundwork. 

habban,  to  have —  have,  haft,  be- 
have, behavior,  misbehave. 

hzege,  a,  hedge  —  haw,  hawthorn. 

hsel,  sound,  lohole  —  hail,  hale,  heal, 
health,  healthful,  healthy,  holy, 
holiness,  whole,  wholesome. 

ham,  a  d)celling  —  hamlet,  home, 
homely,  homeliness. 

hangian,  to  hang  —  hang,  hanger, 
hinge,  unhinge,  overhang. 

hat,  heat  —  heat,  heater,  hot. 

healdan,  to  hold — halt,  halter,  hilt, 


130 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


liokl,  behold,  uphold,  uplioLsturer, 

withhold. 
heard,   hard  —  harden,  hardihood, 

hardship,  hardware,  hardy. 
heban,  hefan,  to  lift — heap,  heave, 

heaven,  heavy,  upheaval, 
hedan,  to  heed — heed,  heedful,  heed- 

t'uliK'SS,  heedless,  heedlessness. 
heorte,  the  heart  —  hearten,  heart- 
less,  hearty,   heartburn,   heart's- 

ease,  dishearten. 
hl^f,  bread  —  loaf, 
hleapan,   to   lea}]  —  leap,  overleap, 

elope,  elopement. 
hoi,  a  hole  —  hole,  hold  {of  a  ship), 

hollow,  hollovvness. 
hristlan,   to   make  quick  sounds  — 

rustle,  rustling, 
huntian,   to  rush  —  hunt,  hunter, 

huntsman. 
hiis,    house  —  housewife,    husband, 

hustings. 
hweorfian,  to  turn  —  swerve,  wharf. 
hyran,  to  hear  —  hear,  hearer,  hear- 
say. 

Isedan,  to  lead  — •  lead,  leader,  load- 
star, loadstone,  mislead. 

Isefan,  to  leave  —  left,  eleven, 
twelve. 

Isferan,  to  teach  —  learn,  learner, 
learning,  lore,  unlearned. 

lang,  long  —  long,  length,  -length- 
en, lengthy,  linger. 

lecgan,  tolai/  —  lay,  layer,  lair,  law, 
lawful,  lawless,  lea,  ledge,  ledger, 
lie,  low,  lowly,  outlaw. 

leofian,  lybban,  to  live  —  live, 
lively,  livelihood,  livelong,  alive, 
outlive. 

leoht,  light  —  lighten,  lightsome, 
lighthouse,  enlighten. 


lie,  like  —  like,  likely,  likelihood, 
likeness,  likewise,  unlike. 

locian,  to  stretch  forward —  look. 

loma,  utensils,  furniture  —  loom, 
hand-loom,  power-loom. 

losian,  to  lose  —  lose,  loser,  loss. 

liif,  love;  lufian,  to  love  —  lover, 
lovely,  loveliness,  lief,  beloved, 
unlovely. 

lyfan,  to  permit  —  leave  {permis- 
sion), belief,  believe,  believer, 
misbelieve. 

lyft,  the  air  —  loft,  lofty,  aloft. 

macian,  to  make  —  make,  maker, 
match,  matchless,  mate,  inmate. 

maengan,  to  mix  —  among,  mingle, 
commingle,  intermingle,  mongrel. 

magan,  to  be  able  —  may,  might, 
mighty,  main,  mainland,  dismay. 

mearc,  a  boundary  —  mark,  marks- 
man, marches,  remark. 

metan,  to  measure  —  meet,  meeting, 
meet  {fit),  meetness. 

mund,  a  defence  —  mound. 

murnan,  to  murmur  —  mourn, 
mourner,  mournful. 

mynd,  th,e  mind — mind,  mindful, 
mindfulness,  remind. 

nses,  a  nose  —  naze,  ness. 

naraa,  a  name  —  name,  nameless, 
namesake,  misname. 

nead,  need — need,  needful,  need- 
less, needs,  needy. 

neah,  nigh  —  near,  next,  neighbor. 

nilit,  night — night,  niglitfall,  night- 
less,  nightmare,  nightshade. 

oga,  dread  —  ugly,  ugliness. 

paeth,  a  path  —  pathless,  pathway, 
footpath. 


THE   ANGLO-SAXON    ELEMENT. 


131 


plegan,  to  exercise,  to  sport  —  play, 
player,  playful,  playmate. 

raBcan,  to  reach  —  reach,  overreach, 
rack,  rack-rent. 

rsedan,  to  read  —  read,  readable, 
reader,  reading,  riddle. 

raefian,  to  seize  —  bereave,  bereave- 
ment, raven,  ravenous,  rive,  rob, 
robber,  robbery,  rove,  rover. 

read,  red  —  red,  redden,  ruddy. 

recan,  to  heed  —  reck,  reckless, 
recklessness,  reckon,  reckoning. 

rennan,  to  run  —  run,  runner,  run- 
away, outrun. 

ridan,  to  ride  —  ride,  rider,  road, 
roadster,  roadstead. 

ripan,  to  reaji  —  reap,  reaper,  ripe, 
ripen,  ripeness,  unripe. 

ruh,  rough  —  rough,  roughness. 

saegan,  to  say  —  say,  saying,  hear- 
say, unsay. 

sar,  painful  —  sore,  soreness,  sor- 
row, sorrowful,  sorry. 

scacan,  to  shake  —  shake,  shaky, 
shock,  shocking. 

sceadan,  to  shade  —  shade,  shady, 
shadow,  shed  (a  covered  enclosure). 

scedan,  to  scatter,  to  sJied  —  shed  (to 
spilt),  watershed. 

sceofan,  to  2^i<sh  —  shove,  shovel, 
scuffle,  shuffle,  sheaf. 

sceotan,  to  shoot — shoot,  shot,  sheet, 
shut,  shutter,  shuttle,  overshoot, 
iindershot,  upshot. 

sceran,  to  cut  —  scar,  scarf,  score, 
share,  sharp,  shear,  sheriff,  shire. 

scman,  to  shine  —  sheen,  outshine, 
moonshine,  sunshine. 

screopan,  to  creak — scrape,  scraper, 
scrap,  scrap-book. 


scrob,  a  bush  —  shrub,  shrubbery. 

scyppan,  to  form  —  siiape,  shape- 
less, landscape. 

sellan,  to  give  —  sale,  sell,  sold. 

seen,  to  see  —  see,  seer,  sight,  fore- 
see, oversee,  unsightlj',  gaze. 

settan,  to  set ;  sittan,  to  sit  —  set, 
setter,  settle,  settler,  settlement, 
set,  beset,  onset,  outset,  upset. 

side,  side  —  side,  sideboard,  aside, 
beside,  inside,  outside,  upside. 

singan,  to  sing  —  sing,  singer,  song. 

slaec,  slack  —  slack,  slackness,  slow, 
sloth,  slothful,  sluggard,  sluggish. 

slean,  to  slay — slay,  slaughter, 
sledge  {a  heavy  hammer). 

slidan,  to  slide  —  slide,  sled,  sledge. 

slipan,  to  glide  —  slip,  slipper,  slip- 
pery, slipshod. 

smitan,  to  smite  —  smite,  smiter, 
smith,  smithy. 

snican,  to  creep  —  snake,  sneak. 

socc,  a  shoe  —  sock,  socket. 

soft,  soft  —  soften,  softly,  softness. 

soth,  true  —  sooth,  soothsayer. 

specan,  to  speak  —  speak,  speaker, 
speech,  bespeak. 

spell,  a  message  —  spell  {discourse) 
gospel. 

spinnan,  to  spin  —  spinner,  spi 
der. 

stan,  a  stone  —  stony,  .stoneware. 

standan,  to  stand  —  standard,  nn 
derstand,  understanding,  with 
stand. 

sieall,  a  place  —  stall,  forestall,  in 
stall,  pedestal. 

steorfan,  to  die  —  starve,  starva 
tion,  starveling. 

stician,  to  stick  —  stake,  stick 
stickle,  stickleback,  sting,  stitch 
stock,  stockade,  stocking. 


132 


WOED-ANALYSIS. 


stigan,  to  ascend  —  stair,  staircase, 
stile,  stirrup,  sty. 

streccan,  to  stretch — stretch,  stretch- 
er, straight,  straighten,  straight- 
ness,  outstretch,  overstretch. 

styran,  to  steer  —  steer,  steerage, 
steersman,  stern  {the  hind  part  of 
a  sliip),  astern. 

styrian,  to  stir  —  stir,  bestir. 

siir,  sour  —  sour,  sourish,  sourness, 
sorrel,  surly,  surliness. 

swerian,  to  swear  —  swear,  swearer, 
forswear,  answer,  unanswered. 

swet,  sweet  —  sweet,  sweetbread, 
sweeten,  sweetmeat,  sweetness. 

taecan,  to  show,  to  teach  —  teach, 
teachable,  teacher. 

tellan,  to  count  —  tell,  teller,  tale, 
talk,  talkative,  foretell. 

thencan,  to  seem  —  think,  thinker, 
thought,  thoughtful,  methinks. 

thringan,  to  press  —  throng. 

thyr,  dry  —  thirst,  thirsty. 

treowe,  true  —  true,  truth,  truth- 
ful, truism,  trust,  trustee,  trust- 
worthy, trusty. 

twa,  <t«o  — twice,  twine,  twist,  be- 
tween, entwine. 


tyrnan,  to  turn — turn,  turner,  turn- 
coat, turnkey,  turnpike,  overturn, 
return,  upturn. 

wacan,  to  aicake  —  wake,  wakeful, 
waken,  wait,  watch,  watchful, 
watchfulness,  watchman. 

warnian,  to  defend,  to  beware  — 
warn,  warning,  warrant,  wary, 
weir,  aware,  beware. 

wearm,  gloiving — warm,  warmth. 

wegan,  to  move  —  wag,  waggle, 
wain,  wave,  w'ay,  wayfarer, 
weigh,  weight,  weighty. 

weordh,  xvorth  —  worth,  worthy, 
worship,  woi'shipper,  nnworthy. 

werian,  to  cover  —  wear,  wearable, 
weary,  wearisome. 

winnan,  to  labor  —  win,  won. 

witan,  to  know  —  wise,  wisdom, 
A\'izard,  wit,  witness,  witty. 

wringan,  to  twist — wrangle,  wrench, 
wriggle,  wi'ing,  wrinkle. 

writhan,  to  twist  —  wrath,  wrath- 
ful, wroth,  wreath,  wreathe,  wry, 
wryneck,  wrong. 

"wunian,  to  dwell  —  wont,  wonted. 

wyrm,  a  worm,  a  serpent  —  worm. 


Specimens  of  Anglo-Saxon,  and  the  same  literally 
translated  into  Modern  English. 

EXTRACT  FROM  C^DMOTS  PARAPHRASE. 

Cmdvion :  died  about  680. 


Nu  we  sceolan  herian 
heofon-rices  weard, 
metodes  milite, 
and  his  mod-ge-thonc, 
wera  wuldor-f?eder  ! 
swa  he  wundra  ge-hwses, 


"Now  we  shall  praise 
the  guardian  of  heaven, 
the  might  of  the  creator, 
and  his  mind's  thought, 
the  glory-father  of  men  ! 
how  he  of  all  wonders, 


THE   ANGLO-SAXON    ELEMENT. 


13 


ece  dryhten, 
ooid  onstealde. 
He  serest  ge-sceop 
ylda  beanmiii 
lieofon  to  hi'ofe, 
balig  scyppend  ! 
tlia  middan-geard 
moii-cynnes  weard, 
ece  dryhten, 
sefter  teode, 
fiiuni  foldau, 
fiea  ajbnihtig  ! 


the  eternal  lord, 
formed  the  beginning. 
He  first  created 
for  the  children  of  men 
heaven  as  a  roof, 
the  holy  creator ! 
then  the  world 
the  guardian  of  mankind, 
the  eternal  lord, 
produced  afterwards, 
the  earth  for  men, 
the  almighty  master  ! 


PASSAGE  REPEATED  BY  BEDE  OX  HIS  DEATH-BED. 


For  tham  ned-fere 
neni  wirtheth 
thances  suotera 
thonne  him  thearf  sy, 
to  ge-hicgeune 
er  his  heonon-gange 
hwet  his  gaste 
godes  othe  yveles 
efter  deathe  heonon 
denied  weortbe. 


Bcde :  died  733. 


Before  the  necessary  jouniey 

no  one  becomes 

more  prudent  in  thought 

than  is  needful  to  him, 

to  search  out 

before  his  going  hence 

what  to  his  spirit 

of  good  or  of  evil 

after  his  death  hence 

will  be  judged. 


EXTRACT  FROM   THE  SAXOX  CHROXICLE  —  Tenth  Centimj. 


Tha  feng  iElfred  j.Ethelwulfing 
to  West-Seaxna  rice  ;  and  thfes 
ymb  ffinne  monath  gefeaht  ^Elfred 
cyning  with  ealne  thone  here  lytle 
werode  ret  Wiltoune,  and  hinelange 
on  dreg  geflymde,  and  tha  Deniscan 
ahton  wrel-stowe  geweald.  And 
thffis  geares  wurdon  nigon  folc- 
gefeoht  gefohten  with  thone  here 
on  tham  cyne-riee  be  suthan 
Temese,  butan  tham  the  him 
Alfred,  and  ealdormen,  and  cyn- 
inges  thegnas  oft  rada  onridon  the 


Then  took  Alfred,  son  of  Ethel- 
wulf  to  the  "West  Saxon's  king- 
dom ;  and  that  after  one  month 
fought  Alfred  king  against  all  the 
army  with  a  little  band  at  "Wilton, 
and  them  long  during  the  day 
routed  and  then  the  Danes  obtained 
of  the  battle-field  possession.  And 
this  year  were  nine  great  battles 
fought  with  the  armyin  the  kingdom 
to  the  south  of  tlie  Tliames,  besides 
those  in  Mhich  Alfred,  and  the  alder- 
men, and  the  king's  thanes  oft  in- 


134 


WOED-ANALYSIS. 


man  na  ne  rinule.  And  thoes  geares 
WiEion  of-slegene  iiigon  eorlas,  and 
an  cyning  ;  and  thy  geare  namon 
West-Seaxan  frith  with  thone  here. 


roads  rode-against  which  one  noth- 
ing accounted.  And  this  year  were 
slain  nine  earls  and  one  king  ;  and 
this  year  made  the  West-Saxons 
peace  with  the  army. 


EXTRACT  FROM  THE  SAXON   G OSPELS  — Eleventh  Centunj. 

Luc^,  Cap.  I.  V.  5-10 
5.   On  Herodes  dagum  ludea  cyn- 


inges,  WEBS  sura  sacerd  on  naman 
Zacharias,  of  Abian  tune  :  and  his 
wif  wses  of  Aarones  dohtrum,  and 
hyre  nama  wtes  Elizabeth. 

6.  Sothlice  big  waeron  butu  riht- 
■wise  beforan  Gode,  gangende  on 
eallum  his  bebodura  and  rihtwis- 
nessum,  butan  wrohte. 

7.  And  hig  nsefdon  nan  beam, 
fortham  the  Elizabeth  wffis  unbe- 
rende  ;  and  hig  on  heora  dagum 
butu  forth-eodon. 

8.  Sothlice  wses  geworden  tha 
Zacharias  hys  sacerdhades  breac  on 
his  gewrixles  endebyrdnesse  beforan 
Gode, 

9.  iEfter  gewunan  thfes  sacerd- 
hades hlotes,  he  eode  that  lie  his 
offrunge  sette,  tha  he  on  Godes 
tempel  eode. 

10.  Eall  werod  thtes  folces  wies 
ute  gebiddende  on  thsere  offrunge 
tiinan. 


Luke,  Chap.  I.  v.  5-10. 
5.   In  the  days  of  Herod  the  king 


of  Judea,  there  was  a  certain  priest 
by  name  Zacharias,  of  the  course 
of  Abia  :  and  his  wife  was  of  the 
daughters  of  Aaron,  and  her  name 
was  Elizabeth. 

6.  And  they  were  both  righteous 
before  God,  walking  in  all  the  com- 
mandments and  ordinances  of  the 
Lord  without  blame. 

7.  And  they  had  no  child,  be- 
cause that  Elizabeth  was  barren  ; 
and  they  in  her  days  were  both  of 
great  age. 

8.  And  it  befell  that  when  Zacha- 
rias should  do  the  office  of  the 
priesthood  in  the  order  of  his  course 
before  God, 

9.  After  the  custom  of  the  priest- 
hood he  went  forth  by  lot,  to  burn 
incense  when  he  into  God's  temple 
went. 

10.  And  all  the  multitude  of  the 
people  were  without  praying  at  the 
time  of  incense. 


THE  LORD'S  PRAYER. 


Fa'der  ure,  thu  the  eart  on  heo- 
fenum  ;  si  thin  nama  gehalgod  ;  to- 
becume  thin  rice  ;  geweordhc  thin 
willa  on  eorthan,  swa  swa  on  heo- 
fenum.  Urne  ge  d^ghwamlican 
hlaf  syle  us  to-dicg  ;  and  foi-gyf  us 


Father  our,  thou  who  art  in 
heaven  ;  be  thine  name  hallowed  ; 
let  come  thine  kingdom  ;  let  be 
done  thine  will  on  earth,  so  as  in 
the  heavens.  Our  also  daily  bread 
give  thou  to  us  to-day  ;  and  forgive 


THE   ANGLO-SAXON   ELEMENT. 


135 


lire  gyltas,  swa  swa  we  forgifadh  i  thou  to  us  our  debts,  so  as  we  for- 
iirum  gyltendum  ;  and  iie  gelaide  i  give  our  debtors  ;  and  not  lead  tliou 
thu  us  on  costuuuge,  ac  alys  us  of  us  into  temptations,  but  deliver 
yfle,  etc.  |  thou  us  from  evil,  etc. 


Specimens  of  Semi-Saxon  and  Early  English. 


EXTRACT  FROM   THE  BRUT   OF  LA  YAMOX— About   IISO. 


He  nom  tlia  Englisca  boc 

Tha  makede  Seint  Beda  ; 

An  other  he  nom  on  Latin, 

Tha  makede  Seinte  Albin, 

And  the  feire  Austin, 

The  fulluht  broute  hider  in. 

Boc  he  nom  the  thridde, 

Leide  ther  amidden, 

Tha  makede  a  Frenchis  clerc, 

Wace  was  ihoten. 

The  wel  couthe  writen. 

And  he  hoc  yef  thare  aethelen 

Allienor,  the  wes  Henries  queue, 

Thes  heyes  kinges. 


He  took  the  English  book 

That  Saint  Bede  made  ; 

Another  he  took  in  Latin, 

That  Saint  Albin  made, 

And  the  fair  Austin, 

That  baptism  brought  hither  in. 

The  third  book  he  took, 

And  laid  there  in  midst, 

That  made  a  French  clerk, 

Wace  was  he  called, 

That  well  could  write. 

And  he  it  gave  to  the  noble 

Eleanor,  that  was  Henry's  Queen, 

The  high  king's. 


EXTRACT  FROM  A    CHARTER    OF  HENRY  III.  —  125S. 


Henry,  thurg  Code's  fultome, 
King  on  Engleneloande,  Lhoaverd 
on  Yrloand,  Duk  on  Norman,  on 
Acquitain,  Earl  on  Anjou,  send  I 
greting,  to  alle  hise  holde,  ilserde 
and  ilewede  on  Huntindonuschiere. 
Thfet  witen  ge  wel  alle,  hret  we 
willen  and  unnen  thset  ure  r?edes- 
men  alle,  other  the  moare  del  of 
heom,  thaet  beoth  ichosen  thurg  us 
and  thurg  thiut  loandes-folk  on  ure 
kineriche,  habbith  idon,  and  sehul- 
len  don  in  the  worthnes  of  God, 
and  ure  treowthe,  for  the  freme  of 
the  loande,  etc. 


Henry,  through  God's  support. 
King  of  England,  Lord  of  Ireland, 
Duke  of  Normandy,  of  Acquitain, 
Earl  of  Anjou,  sends  gi'eeting  to  all 
his  subjects,  learned  and  unlearned, 
of  Huntingdonshire.  This  know 
ye  well  all,  that  we  will  and 
grant  what  our  counsellors  all,  or 
the  more  pait  of  them,  that  be 
chosen  through  us  and  through  the 
landfolk  of  our  kingdom,  have 
done,  and  shall  do,  to  the  honor  of 
God,  and  our  allegiance,  for  the 
good  of  the  land,  etc. 


136  WORD-ANALYSIS. 


Anglo-Saxon  Element  in  Modern  English. 

That  the  young  student  may  be  made  aware  of  the  extent  of  the  employment  of 
Anglo-Saxon  in  our  present  language,  and  that  he  may  have  some  clue  to  direct  him 
to  a  knowledge  of  the  Saxon  words,  the  following  extracts,  embracing  a  great  propor- 
tion of  these  words,  are  submitted  to  his  attention.  The  words  not  Teutonic  are 
marked  m  Italics. 

MILTON. 

Of  man's  first  disobedience,  and  the  fruit 
Of  that  forbidden  tree,  whose  viortal  taste 
Brought  death  into  the  world,  and  all  our  woe, 
'With  loss  of  Eden,  till  one  greater  man 
Restore  us  and  regain  the  blissful  seat  — 
Sing,  heavenly  Muse. 

With  thee  conversing,  I  forget  all  time, 
All  seasons,  and  their  clmnge  ;  all  please  alike. 
Sweet  is  the  breath  of  morn,  her  rising  sweet. 
With  charm  of  earliest  birds  ;  pleasant  the  sun 
Wlien  first  on  this  delightful  land  he  spreads 
His  orient  beams  on  herb,  tree,  fruit,  and  floiver. 
Glistering  with  dew  ;  fragrant  the  fertile  earth, 
After  soft  showers  ;  and  sweet  the  coming  on 
Of  grateful  evening  mild  ;  then  silent  night 
AVith  this  her  solemn  bird,  and  this  fair  moon, 
And  these  the  gems  of  heaven,  her  starry  train. 

SHAKESPEARE. 

To  be,  or  not  to  be,  that  is  the  question  ; 
Whether  't  is  nobler  in  the  nund  to  suffer 
The  stings  and  arrows  oi  outrageous  fortune. 
Or  to  take  arms  against  a  sea  of  troubles, 
And,  by  o2}2}osing,  end  them  ?     To  die,  to  sleep  ; 
No  more  ;  —  and  by  a  sleep  to  say  we  end 
The  heartache  and  the  thousand  natural  shocks 
That  flesh  is  heir  to  !  't  were  a  consummation 
Devoutly  to  be  wished.     To  die  ;  to  sleep  ; 
To  sleep  ? — jyerchancc  to  dream  ! 


THE   ANGLO-SAXON    ELEMENT.  137 

All  tlie  world  's  a  stage. 
And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players. 
They  have  their  exits  and  their  entrances. 
And  one  man  in  his  time  j)lays  many  parts  ; 
His  acts  being  seven  ages.     At  first  the  in/ant, 
Mewling  and  puking  iu  his  nurse's  arms. 
And  then  the  whining  school-hoy,  with  his  satchel 
And  shining  morning /ace,  creeping  like  snail 
Unwillingly  to  school.     And  then  the  lover, 
Sighing  like  ficrnace,  with  a  woeful  ballad 
Made  to  his  inislress'  eyebrow.     Then  a  soldier. 
Full  of  strange  oaths,  and  bearded  like  the  pard, 
Jealous  in  honour,  sudden  and  quick  in  quarrel ; 
Seeking  the  bubble  reputation 
Even  in  the  cannon's  mouth. 

TRANSLATION  OF  THE  BIBLE. 

In  the  beginning  God  created,  the  heaven  and  the  earth.  And  the 
earth  was  without  form,  and  void ;  and  darkness  was  upon  the  face  of 
the  deep  :  and  the  Spirit  of  God  moved  upon  the  face  of  the  waters.  And 
God  said,  Let  there  be  light  ;  and  there  was  light.  And  God  saw  the 
light,  that  it  was  good  ;  and  God  divided  the  light  from  the  darkness. 
And  God  called  the  light  Day,  and  the  darkness  he  called  Night.  And 
the  evening  and  the  morning  were  the  first  day.  —  Genesis  i.  1-6. 

And  it  came  to  jwss,  that  when  Isaac  was  old,  and  his  eyes  were  dim, 
so  that  he  could  not  see,  he  called  Esau,  his  eldest  son,  and  said  unto 
him,  My  son.  And  he  said  unto  him.  Behold,  here  am  I.  And  he  said. 
Behold  now,  I  am  old,  I  know  not  the  day  of  my  death.  Now  there- 
fore take,  I  2>Tay  thee,  thy  weapons,  thy  quiver  and  thy  bow,  and  go  out 
to  the  field,  and  take  me  some  veiiison  ;  and  make  me  savoury  meat,  such 
as  I  love,  and  bring  it  to  me,  that  I  may  eat  ;  that  my  soul  may  bless 
thee  before  I  die.  And  Rebeknli  heard  when  Isaac  spake  to  Esau,  his 
ton.  And  Esaib  went  to  the  field  to  hunt  for  venison,  and  to  bring  it. 
And  Rebckah  spake  unto  Jacob  her  son,  saying.  Behold,  I  heard  thy 
father  speak  unto  Esaic  thy  brother,  saying.  Bring  me  venison,  and  make 
me  savoury  meat,  that  I  may  eat,  and  bless  thee  before  the  Lord  before 
my  death.  —  Genesis  xxvii.  1-7. 


138  WOUD-ANALYSIS. 

THOMSON. 

These  as  they  change,  Almighty  Father  !  these 
Are  but  the  varied  God.     The  rolling  year 
Is  full  of  thee.     Forth  in  the  pleading  spring 
Thy  beauty  walks,  th}'  tenderness  and  love. 
Wide  flush  the  fields  ;  the  softening  air  is  balm  ; 
Echo  the  mountains  ro2ind ;  the /ores<  smiles  ; 
And  every  sense  and  every  heart  is  joy. 
Then  conies  thy  glory  in  the  summer  months, 
With  light  and  heat  refulgent.     Then  thy  sun 
Shoots  full  perfection  tlirough  the  swelling  year. 

ADDISON. 
I  was  yesterday,  about  sunset,  walking  in  the  open  fields,  till  the 
night  insensibly  fell  upon  me.  I  at  first  amiised  myself  with  all  the 
richness  and  variety  of  colours  which  apjieared  in  the  western  ^mrte  of 
heaven.  In  proportion  as  they  faded  away  and  went  out,  several  stars 
and  planets  appeared,  one  after  another,  till  the  whole  firmament  was  in 
a  glow.  The  blueness  of  the  ether  was  exceedingly  heightened  and  en- 
livened by  the  season  of  the  year. 

YOUNG. 

Let  Indians,  and  the  gay,  like  Indicms,  fond 
Of  feathered  fofperics,  the  sun  adore : 
Darkness  has  more  divinity  for  me  ; 
It  strikes  thought  inward  ;  it  drives  back  the  soul 
To  settle  on  herself,  our  point  supreme. 
There  lies  our  theater :  there  sits  our  judge. 
Darkness  the  curtain  drops  o'er  life's  dull  scene: 
'T  is  the  kind  hand  of  Providence  stretched  out 
'Twixt  man  and  vanity  ;  't  is  reason's  reign, 
And  virtues  too  ;  these  tutelary  shades 
Are  man's  asylum  from  the  tainted  throng. 
Night  is  the  good  man's  friend,  and  guardian  too. 
It  no  less  rescues  virtue,  than  inspires. 

SWIFT. 
Wisdom  is  a  fox,  who,  after  long  hunting,  will  at  last  cost  you  the 
pains  to  dig  out.     'T  is  a  cheese,  which  by  liow  much  the  richer  has  the 


THE  ANGLO-SAXON  ELEMENT.  139 

tliielvPr,  lionielicr,  and  the  cnarscr  coat  ;  ami  wherfiof,  to  a  judicious 
IKilate,  the  macjcjols  are  the  best.  'T  is  a  suck  posset,  wherein  tlie  deeper 
you  go  you  will  find  it  the  sweeter.  But  then,  lastly,  't  is  a  nut,  which, 
unless  you  choose  with  jadgvicnt,  may  cost  you  a  tooth,  and  pay  you  with 
nothing  but  a  worm. 

HUME. 

The  beauties  of  \iqt  person  and  graces  of  her  air  combined  to  make  her 
the  most  amiable  of  women  ;  and  the  charms  of  her  address  and  conver- 
sation aided  the  impression  which  her  lovely /(/itrc  made  on  the  heart  of 
all  beholders.  Ambitious  and  active  in  her  temper,  yet  inclined  to  cheer- 
fulness and  society  ;  of  a  lofty  spirit,  constant  and  even  vehement  in  her 
inir^wse,  yet  ^jo^iYic,  gentle,  and  affable,  in  her  demeanor,  she  seemed  to 
partake  only  so  much  of  the  male  virtues  as  to  render  her  estimable,  with- 
out relinquishing  those  soft  graces  which  compose  t\ie  proper  ornament  of 
her  sex. 

GIBBON. 

In  the  second  cent^iry  of  the  Christian  era,  the  empire  of  Rome  compre- 
hended the  fairest  part  of  the  earth,  and  the  most  civilized  portion  of 
mankind.  Ulae  frontiers  of  that  extensive  monarchy  were  guarded  by  an- 
cient renown  and  disciplined  valour.  The  gentle  but  powerful  inflicence 
of  laws  and  rnanners  had  gradually  cemented  the  tmion  of  the  provinces. 
Their  peaceful  inhabitants  enjoyed  and  abused  the  advantages  of  wealth 
and  luxury.  The  image  of  a  free  constitution  was  preserved  with  decent 
reverence. 

JOHNSON. 

Of  genius,  that  power  which  constitutes  n  i^oct ;  that  qualify  without 
which  judgment  is  cold,  and  knowledge  is  wicrt  ;  that  energy  which  co/- 
/cds,  combines,  amplifies,  and  animates ;  the  superiority  must,  with  some 
hesitation,  be  allowed  to  Dry  den.  It  is  not  to  be  inferred  that  of  this 
poetical  vigor  Pope  had  only  a  little,  because  Dryden  had  more  ;  for 
every  other  writer  since  Milton  must  give  ^jZacc  to  Po;)e ;  and  even  of 
Dryden  it  must  be  said,  that  if  he  has  brighter  j^aragraphs,  he  has  not 
better  2^ocvis. 

BYRON. 

Ancient  of  days  !  august  Athena  !  where, 

"Wliere  are  thy  men  of  might  —  tliy  grand  in  soul  ? 


140  WORD-ANALYSIS. 

Gone  —  glimmering  through  the  dream  of  things  that  were. 

First  in  the  race  that  led  to  Glory's  goal, 

They  won,  and  2Msscd  away.     Is  this  the  whole  ? 

A  school-hoy's  tale  —  the  wonder  of  an  hour  I 

The  warrior's  weapon  and  the  sophist's  stole 

Are  sought  in  vain,  and  o'er  each  muuldcring  tower, 

Dim  with  the  mist  of  years,  gray  flits  the  shade  oi power. 

SIR  WALTER  SCOTT. 

The  way  was  long,  the  wind  was  cold, 
Tire  Minstrel  was  infirm  and  old  ; 
His  withered  cheek  and  tresses  gray 
Seemed  to  have  known  a  better  day  ; 
The  harp,  his  sole  remaining  joy. 
Was  carried  by  an  orphan  bo}'. 
The  last  of  all  the  bards  was  he 
Who  sung  of  border  chivahy  ; 
For,  well-a-day  !  their  date  was  fled  ; 
His  tuneh\\  brethren  all  were  dead  ; 
And  he,  neglected  and  oppressed. 
Wished  to  be  with  them  and  at  rest. 

WORDSWORTH. 

Ah  !  little  doth  the  young  one  dream, 
When  full  of  play  and  childish  cares, 
W^liat  poivcr  is  in  his  wildest  scream. 
Heard  by  his  mother  unawares  ! 
He  knows  it  not,  he  cannot  guess  ; 
Years  to  a  mother  bring  distress; 
But  do  not  make  her  love  the  less. 

My  son,  if  thou  be  hiunblcd,  jwor, 
Hopeless  of  honor  and  of  gain, 
Oh  !  do  not  dread  thy  mother's  door  ; 
Think  not  of  me  with  grief  and  piain. 
I  now  can  see  with  better  eyes  ; 
And  worldly  grandeur  I  despist. 
And  Fortune  with  her  gifts  and  lies. 


THE   ANGLO-SAXON    ELEMENT.  141 

TENNYSON. 

Not  wholly  in  the  busy  world,  nor  quite 
Beyond  it,  blooms  the  garden  that  1  love. 
News  from  the  humming  city  comes  to  it 
lu  sound  oi funeral  or  of  marriage  bells  ; 
And  sitting  mufHed  in  dark  leaves  you  hear 
The  windy  clanging  of  the  winter  clock  ; 
Although  between  it  and  the  garden  lies 
A  league  of  grass,  washed  by  a  slow  broad  stream, 
That,  stirred  with  languid  j^ulses  of  the  oar. 
Waves  all  its  lazy  lilies,  and  creeps  on. 
Barge  laden,  to  three  arches  of  a  bridge, 
Crowned  with  the  minster-towers. 


142 


WOliD-ANALYSIS. 


PAET  v.  — MISCELLANEOUS  DERIVATIVES. 


I.-WOEDS  DEEIVED  PEOM  THE  If  AMES  OP  PEESONS. 
I. -NOUNS. 


at'las,  a  collection  of  mnj^s  bound 
together :  "  Atlas,"  a  fabled  giant 
who,  according  to  the  Greek  no- 
tion, bore  the  earth  upon  his 
shoulders. 

acad'emy,  a  superior  grade  school ; 
a  society  of  learned,  men :  ' '  Acade- 
mus,"  a  Greek  in  whose  garden 
near  Athens  Plato  taught. 

ammo'nia,  tlie  pimgent  viattcr  of 
smelling-salts:  "Jupiter Amnion," 
near  whose  temple  in  Libya  it  was 
originally  obtained. 

bac'chanal,  one  who  indulges  in 
drunken  revels:  "Bacchus,"  the 
god  of  wine. 

bow'ie-knife,  an  American  weap- 
on:  Colonel  "Bowie,"  the  in- 
ventor. 

braggado'cio,  a  vain  boaster :  "Brag- 
gadochio,"  a  boastful  character  in 
Spenser's  Faery  Queen. 

bud'dhism,  ft  widc-s-prcacl  Asiatic 
religion:  "Buddha,"  a  Hindoo 
sage  who  lived  about  1000  B.  C. 

cal'vinism,  the  doctrines  of  Calvin : 
"Calvin,"  a  Swiss  theologian  of 
the  16th  century. 

camel'lia,  a  genus  of  evergreen 
shrubs:  "Camelli,"  a  Spaniard 
who  brought  them  from  Asia. 


cicero'ne  (sis-e-ro'ne  or  chi-che-ro'- 
ne),  a  guide:  "Cicero,"  the  Eo- 
man  orator. 

cincho'na,  Penman  bark:  Coun- 
tess "Cinchona,"  wife  of  a  Span- 
ish governor  of  Peru  (17th  cen- 
tury). By  means  of  this  medicine 
she  was  cured  of  an  intermittent 
fever,  and  after  her  return  to 
Spain  she  aided  in  the  diffusion 
of  the  remedy. 

daguerre'otype,  a  picture  produced 
on  a  metal  plate  :  "  Daguerre," 
the  inventor  (1789-1851). 

dahl'ia,  a  garden  pilant:  "Dahl," 
a  Swedish  botanist. 

dunce,  a  dull,  sloio-witted  person : 
"  Duns  Scotus,"  a  subtle  philos- 
opher of  the  13th  century.  His 
method  of  reasoning  was  very 
popular  in  the  schools  during  the 
Middle  Ages,  and  a  very  skillful 
hair-splitter  was  called  a  Dunse  ; 
but  at  last,  through  the  influence 
of  the  antagonists  of  the  pliilos- 
o])her,  the  word  passed  into  a 
term  of  rejiroach. 

ep'icure,  one  fond  of  good  living : 
"Epicurus,"  a  Greek  philosopher 
who  wassaid  to  teach  that  pleasure 
is  the  chief  good. 


MISCELLANEOUS   DERIVATIVES. 


Uc 


Fah'renheit,  a  thermometer  that 
marks  the  freezing-point  of  water 
at  32°  (whicli  is  different  from 
both  the  centigrade  and  the  Reau- 
nuir thermometer) :  "Fahrenheit," 
the  inventor. 

fuchsia  (fu'si-a),  a  genus  of  flower- 
ing j'^c-nts :  "Leonard  Fuchs, "  a 
German  botanist  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury. 

gal'vanism,  a  branch  of  the  science 
of  electricity:  "Galvani,"  an  Ital- 
ian physician,  its  discoverer. 

gen'tian,  a  medicincd  root:  "Gen- 
tian," king  of  Illyria,  who  is  said 
to  have  first  experienced  the  vir- 
tues of  the  plant. 

gob'elin,  a  rich  tapestrij :  ' '  Jehan 
Gobeelen,"  a  Flemish  dyer. 

guillotine',  an  instrument  for  be- 
heading:  "Guillotin,"  who  in- 
vented and  brought  it  into  use  at 
the  time  of  the  French  Revolution, 
last  centurj'. 

hy'giene,  the  jjy-incijjles  and  rides  of 
health:  "  Hygeia,"  the  goddess 
of  health  in  classical  mythology. 

Jes'uit,  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus,  formed  by  Ignatius  Loyola 
in  1534  .•  "Jesus." 

lynch,  to  punish  icithout  the  usual 
forms  of  law  :  said  to  be  from 
"Lynch,"  a  Virginia  farmer,  wlio 
took  the  law  into  his  own  hands. 

macad'amize,  to  cover  a  road  with 
small  broken  stones  :  "Macadam," 
the  inventor. 

magno'lia,  a  species  of  trees  found 


in  the  southerii  parts  of  tlie  United 
States  :  "  Magnol,"  a  French  bot- 
anist. 

men '  tor,  a  faithful  monitor :  ' '  Men- 
tor, "  the  counselor  of  Teleniachus. 

mor'phia,  the  narcotic  principle  of 
opium  :  "Morpheus,"  the  god  of 
sleep. 

ne'gus,  arnixtureofivine,  water,  and 
sugar:  Colonel  "Xegus,"  who  in- 
troduced its  use-  in  the  time  of 
Queen  Anne. 

or'rery,  an  apparatus  for  showing 
the  motions,  etc.,  of  the  Ibcavcnly 
bodies:  the  Earl  of  "Orrer}-,"  for 
whom  one  of  the  first  was  made. 

palla'dium,  something  tluit  affords 
effectual  defense,  protection,  and 
safety:  Greek  "palla'dion,"  an 
image  of  "  Pallas  Athene,"  which 
was  kept  hidden  and  secret,  and 
was  revered  as  a  pledge  of  the 
safety  of  the  town  where  it  was 
lodged. 

pan'ic,  asudden  fright :  ' '  Pan, "  the 
god  of  shepherds,  who  is  said  to 
have  caused  alarm  by  his  wild 
screams  and  appearance. 

pe'ony,«  jjlant  of  the  genus  P.^ioxia, 
having  beautiful  showy  flowers : 
"  Paeon,"  its  discoverer. 

pet'rel,  an  ocean  bird :  diminutive 
of  Peter,  probabl}'  .so  called  in  al- 
lusion to  "St.  Peter's"  walking 
on  the  sea. 

pha'eton,  an  open  carriage :  "  Phae- 
thon,"  the  fabled  son  of  Phoebus 
or  the  Sun,  whose  chariot  he  at- 
tempted to  drive. 

pinch'beck,  an  alloy  of  copper  and 


14-i 


WOKD-ANALYSIS. 


zinc  resembling  gold:  said  to  be 
from  one  "Pinchbeck,"  the  in- 
ventor. 

quas'sia,  a  hitter  wood  used  as  a 
tonic:  "Quassy,"  a  negro  who 
discovered  its  cj[ualities. 

rodomontade',  vainbluster:  " Rodo- 
monte,"  a  boasting  hero  who  fig- 
ures in  Ariosto's  poem  of  the 
Orlando  Furioso. 

silhouette  (sil-oo-ef),  the  outline 
of  an  object  filled  in  with  black 
color:  "Silhouette"  (see  Web- 
ster). 


tan'talize,  to  torment  or  tease: 
"Tantalus,"  according  to  the 
poets,  an  ancient  king  of  Phrygia, 
who  was  made  to  stand  up  to  the 
chin  in  water  with  fruit  lianging 
over  his  head,  but  from  whom 
both  receded  when  he  wished  to 
partake. 

typhoon',  a  violent  hurricayie  which 
occurs  in  the  Chinese  seas:  "Ty- 
phon,"  a  fabled  giant  who  was 
taught  to  produce  them. 

volca'no,  a  burning  moimtdin : 
"  Vulcan,"  the  god  of  lire. 


2. -ADJECTIVES. 


Amer'ican,  relating  to  America : 
from  "Amerigo  (Latin,  Americus) 
Vespucci  "—  contemporary  of  Co- 
lumbus. 

A'rian,  relating  to  Arias:  a  theolo- 
gian of  the  4th  century  who  de- 
nied the  divinity  of  Christ. 

Aristote'lian,  relating  to  the  deduc- 
tive method  of  reasoning  set  forth 
by  Aristotle  :  a  Greek  philosopher 
of  the  4th  century  B.  c. 

Armin'ian,  relating  to  Arminius : 
a  Dutch  theologian  of  the  16th 
century,  who  opposed  the  doc- 
trines of  Calvin. 

Baco'nian,  relating  to  the  inductive 
viethod  of  reasoning  set  forth  by 
Bacon :  an  Englislr  philosopher  of 
the  17th  century. 

Caxie'sidia,  relating  to  the  philosophy 
of  Descartes  •  a  French  philosopher 
of  the  17th  century. 


ce'real,  relating  to  grain ;  from 
"Ceres "  —  the  Roman  goddess  of 
corn  and  tillage. 

Coper'nican,  relating  to  Copernicus: 
a  German  philosopher  of  the  16th 
century,  who  taught  the  theory 
of  the  solar  system  now  received, 
•  and  called  the  Copernican  sys- 
tem. 

Eliz'abethan,  relating  to  the  times 
of  Queen  Elizabeth  of  England 
(1.558-1603). 

Eo'lian,  relating  to  the  wind :  from 
"  iEolus  " —  the  god  of  the  winds 
in  classic  mythology. 

Eras'tian,  relating  to  JSrastus,  — 
a  German  theologian  of  the  16th 
century,  who  maintained  that 
the  Church  is  wholly  dejiendent 
on  the  State  for  support  or  au- 
thority. 

Escula'pian,  relating  to  the  healing 


MISCELLANEOUS    DEIUVATIVES. 


145 


art :  from  "  Esculapius" — the  god 
of  the  healing  art  among  the 
Greeks. 

Gor'dian,  intricate,  com}}licated, 
dijficult:  fi'om  "Gordius" — king 
of  Phrygia  who  tied  a  knot  which 
coukl  not  be  untied. 

Hercule'an,  rcry  large  and  strong  : 
from  "  Hercules  " — a  hero  of  antiq- 
uity celebrated  for  his  strength. 

hermet'ic,  relating  to  Hermes  — 
the  fabled  inventor  of  alchemy  ; 
adv.,  hermetically,  in  a  -per- 
fccthj  close  manner. 

Hudibras'tic,  in  tJie  manner  of  the 
satirical  j)oein  called  Hudibras, 
by  Samuel  Butler  (1612-1680). 

Jo'vial,  gay,  merry :  from  "Jupiter" 
( Jovis),  —  the  planet  of  that  name 
having  in  the  Middle  Ages  been 
supposed  to  make  those  who  were 
born  under  it  of  a  joyous  temper. 

Linnae'an,  relating  to  Linnceus  — 
the  celebrated  Swedish  botanist. 

Lu'theran,  relating  to  the  doctrines 
of  Luther  —  a  German  religious 
teacher  of  the  16th  century. 

Machiavel'ian,  cunning  and  sinis- 
ter in  2wlitics :  horn  "Machiaveli" 
—  an  Italian  writer  of  the  lotli 
century. 

mercu'rial,  active,  sjvightly — hav- 
ing the  qualities  fabled  to  belong 
to  the  god  "  Mercury." 

Mosa'ic,  relating  to  Moses,  his 
writings  or  his  time. 

Newto'nian,  relating  to  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  and  his  philosophy. 


Pindar'ic,  after  the  style  and  man- 
ner of  Pindar  —  a  lyric  poet  of 
Greece. 

platon'ic,  relating  to  the  opinions 
or  tlie  school  of  Plato,  —  a  philoso- 
pher of  Greece,  in  the  4th  cen- 
tury B.  c. 

Pluton'ic,  relating  to  the  interior  of 
the  earth,  or  to  the  Plutonic 
tlieory  in  geology  of  tJie  formation 
of  certain  rocks  by  fire :  from 
"Pluto" — in  classic  mythol- 
ogy, the  god  of  the  infernal  re- 
gions. 

procrus'tean,  relating  to  or  resem- 
bling the  mode  of  torture  employed 
by  Procrustes  —  a  celebrated  high- 
wayman of  ancient  Attica,  who 
tied  his  victims  upon  an  iron  bed, 
•  and,  as  the  case  required,  either 
stretched  out  or  cut  off  their  legs 
to  adapt  them  to  its  length. 

Prome'thean,  relating  to  Prome- 
theus ■ —  a  god  fabled  by  the  an- 
cient poets  to  have  formed  men 
from  clay  and  to  have  given  them 
life  by  means  of  fire  stolen  fiom 
heaven,  at  whicli  Jupiter,  being 
angry,  sent  Mercury  to  bind  him 
to  !Mount  Caucasus,  and  place  a 
vulture  to  prey  upon  his  liver. 

Quixot'ic,  absolutely  romantic,  like 
Bon  Quixote  —  described  by 
Cervantes,  a  Spani.sh  writer  of 
the  16th  centur}'. 

Satur'nian,  distinguished  for  pur- 
ity, integrity,  and  simplicity; 
golden,  happy :  from  "  Saturn  "  — 
one  of  the  gods  of  antiquity 
whose  age  or  reign,  from  the 
mildness  and  wisdom  of  his  gov- 


146 


WOHD-ANALYSIS. 


ernment,  was  called  the  golden 
age. 

Socrat'ic,  relating  to  the  philosophy 
or  th.e  method  of  teaching  of  Soc- 
rates—  the  celebrated  philosopher 
of  Greece  (468-399  B.  c). 

stento'rian,  very  loud  or  jjowerful, 
resembling  the  voice  of  Stcntor  — 
a  Greek  herald,  si)oken  of  by 
Homer,  having  a  very  loud  voice. 

Thes'pian,  relating  to  tragic  action : 
from  "  Thespis  "  —  the  foiiuder  of 
the  Greek  drama. 

Titan'ic,  enormous  in  size  and 
strength  :   from  the  ' '  Titans  "  — 


fabled  giants  in  classic  mythol- 
ogy- 

Uto'pian,  ideal,  fanciful,  chimeri- 
cal:  from  "Utopia" — an  imagi- 
nary island,  repre.sented  by  Sir 
Thomas  Browne,  in  a  work  called 
"Utopia,"  as  enjoying  the 
greatest  perfection  in  politics, 
laws,  and  society. 

volta'ic,  relating  to  voltaism  or 
voltaic  electricity:  from  "Volta" 
—  who  first  devised  appai'atus  for 
developing  electric  currents  by 
chemical  action. 


II.-WOEDS  DEEIVED  TEOM  THE  NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


ag'ate,  a  precious  stone:  "Achates," 
a  river  in  Sicily  where  it  is 
i'ound. 

al'abaster,  a  variety  of  soft  marble : 
"  Alabastrura,"  in  Egypt,  where 
it  is  found. 

ar'ras,  tapestry:  ' '  Arras, "  in  France, 
where  it  is  manufactured. 

arte'sian,  applied  to  wells  made  by 
boring  into  the  earth  till  the  in- 
strument readies  water  which  flows 
from  internal  pressure :  "  Artois" 
(anciently  called  Avtesium),  in 
France,  where  many  of  such  wells 
have  been  made. 

At'tic,  marked  by  such  qualities  as 
characterized  tlic  Athenians,  as 
delicate  toil,  purity  of  style,  ele- 
gance, etc.:  "Attica,"  the  country 
of  the  Athenians. 

ban'tam,   a  small  domestic  foid : 


"  Bantam,"  in  Java,  whence  it  was 
brought. 

barb,  a  Barbary  horse :  ' '  Barbary, " 
in  Africa. 

bay'onet,  a  dagger  fixed  on  the  end 
of  a  musket:  "  Bayonne,"  in 
France,  where  it  was  invented,  in 
1679. 

bed'lam,  « lunatic  asylum  :  ' '  Beth- 
lehem," a  monastery  in  London, 
afterwards  used  as  an  asylum  for 
lunatics. 

bur'gundy,  a  French  wine :  ' '  Bur- 
gundy," where  it  is  made. 

cal'ico,  a  kind  of  cotton  cloth :  ' '  Ca- 
li(;ut,"  in  India,  where  it  was  first 
maimfactured. 

cana'ry,  a  wine  and  a  bird:  the 
"Canary"  Islands. 

can'ter,  an  easy  gallop:  "Canter- 
bury," in  allusion  to  the  easy  pace 


MISCELLANEOUS   DERIVATIVES. 


147 


at  wliicli  the  pilgrims  used  to  liJe 
thither. 

cai''ronade,  a  short  cannon :  "  Car- 
roll," in  Scotland,  where  it  was 
first  made. 

cash'mere,  a  rich  shmol,  from  the 
vool  of  the  Thibet  (joat :  "Cash- 
mere," the  country  where  first 
made. 

chalced'ony,  a  variety  of  uncrys- 

'■^lalizcd  quartz:  "Chalcedon,"  in 
Asia  Elinor,  where  obtained. 

dhampagne',  a  wine:  "Cham- 
pagne," in  France,  where  pro- 
duced. 

cher'ry,  a  red  stonedfruit :  "Cera- 
sus"  (now  Kheresoun),  in  Pontus, 
Asia  Jlinor,  whence  the  tree  was 
imported  into  Ital}'. 

chest'nut,  a  fruit:  "Castanea,"  in 
j\Iacedonia,  whence  it  was  intro- 
duced into  Europe. 

cog'nac,  a  kind  of  French  brandy : 
"Cognac,"  in  France,  where  ex- 
tensively made. 

cop'per,  a  metal:  "Cyprus,"  once 
celebrated  for  its  rich  mines  of  the 
metal. 

oord'wainer,  a  loorker  in  cordicain, 
or  cordovan,  a  Spanish  leather : 
"Cordova,"  in  Spain. 

curacoa',  a  liquor  or  cordial  fla.- 
rored  icith  oraiuje-pcel :  the  island 
of  "Cura9oa,"  where  it  was  first 
made. 

cur'rant,  a  small  dried  grnpe : 
"Corinth,"  in  Greece,  of  which 
"^ currant"  is  a  corruption. 

dam'ask,  figured  linen  or  silk: 
"  Damascus,"  in  Syria,  where 
first  made. 


dam 'son,  a  small  black  ])lum  (short- 
ened from  "Damascene"):  Da- 
mascus. 

delf,  akindofeartlicmvare:  "Delft," 
in  Holland,  where  it  was  origi- 
nally made. 

di'aper,  a  figured  linen  cloth,  used 
for  towels,  napkim,  etc.:  "  Ypres," 
in  Flanders,  where  originally 
manufactured. 

dim'ity,  a  figured  cottmi  cloth : 
"Damietta,"  in  Egypt. 

gamboge',  a  ydloiv  resin  used  as  a 
2Mint:  "Cambodia,"  where  it  is 
obtained. 

ging'ham,  cotton  cloth,  made  of  yam 
dyed  before  ivovcn :  "  Guincamp," 
in  France,  where  it  was  first  made. 

guin'ea,  an  English  gold  coin  of  tite 
value  of  twenty-one  shillings : 
"Guinea,"  whence  the  gold  was 
obtained  out  of  which  it  was  first 
struck. 

gyp'sy,  one  of  a  wandering  race : 
old  English  "Gyptian,"  from 
"Egypt,"  whence  the  race  was 
supposed  to  have  originated. 

hol'land,  a  kind  of  liiun  cloth : 
"Holland,"  where  first  made. 

hol'lands,  a  spirit  flavored  with 
junijier berries:  "Holland,"  where 
it  is  extensively  produced. 

in'digo,  a  blue  dye:  "  India." 

jal'ap,  a  cathartic  medicine:  "Ja- 

lapa,"  in  Jlexico,  whence  it  was 

first  imported  in  1610. 
jet,  a  mineral  used  for  ornament : 

"  Gagates,"  a  river  in  Asia  Minor, 

whence  it  was  obtained. 


148 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


lan'dau,        )  a  kind  of  carriage  o^jen- 
lan'daulet,  \  ing  at  the  top:  "Lan- 
dau," a  town  in  Germany. 

madei'ra,     a    ivine:     "Madeira," 

where  produced, 
magne'sia,      a     jjrwiitive     earth  : 

"  Magnesia,"  in  Thessaly. 
mag'net,  the  loadstone,  or  Magnesian 

stone. 
malm'sey,  a  icinc:  "Malvasia,"  in 

the  Morea. 
mar'sala,  a  ivine:    "]\Iarsah\,"  in 

Sicily. 
mean'der,    to  flow   in    a  winding 

course:    "Meander,"    a   winding 

river  in  Asia  Minor, 
mil'liner,    one   who   makes    ladies' 

bonnets,  etc.  :  "Milan,"  in  Italy, 
moroc'co,   a  fine  kind  of  leather : 

"Morocco,"  in  Africa,   where  it 

was  originally  made. 

nankeen',  a  huff-colored  cloth : 
"Nankin,"  in  China,  where  first 
made. 

pheas'ant,  a  bird  ivhose  flesh  is  high- 
ly valued  as  food  :  "  Phasis,"  a 
river  in  Asia  Minor,  whence  it 
was  brought  to  Europe. 

pis'tol,  a  snwll  hand  gun:  "  Pis- 
toja,"  in  Italy,  where  first  made. 


port,  a  loine  :  "Oporto,"  in  Portu- 
gal, whence  extensively  shipped. 

sardine',  a,  small  Mediterranean  fish, 
of  the  herring  fnnily :  "Sardinia," 
around  whose  coasts  the  fish 
abounds. 

sauterne',  a  ivine:  "Sauterne,"  in 
France,  where  produced. 

sher'ry,  a  ivine  :  "  Xeres,"  in  Spain, 
where  it  is  largely  manufactured. 

span'iel,  a  dog  of  remarkable  sagac- 
ity :  "  Hispaniola,"  now  Hayti, 
where  originally  found. 

tar'iff,  a  list  of  duties  or  customs  to 
be  jmid  on  goods  imported  or  ex- 
2}orted :  "  Tarifa,"  in  Spain,  where 
duties  were  collected  by  the  Moors. 

to'paz,  a  precious  stone:  "Topazos," 
an  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  where  it 
is  found. 

trip'oli,  a  fine  grained  earth  used  in 
polishing  stones:  "Tripoli,"  in 
Africa,  where  originally  obtained. 

turquois',  «■  bluish-green  stone : 
"Turkey,"  whence  it  was  origi- 
nally brought. 

worst'ed,  well-twisted  yarn,  spun 
of  long-staple  wool:  "Worsted," 
a  village  in  Norfolk,  England, 
where  first  made. 


MISCELLANEOUS   DERIVATIVES. 


149 


III.  -  ETYMOLOGY  OP  WORDS  USED  IN  THE  PEINOIPAL 
SCHOOL  STUDIES. 


I. -TERMS    IN    GEOGRAPHY. 


antarc'tic  :  Gr.  anti,  opposite,  and 
ark/ OS,  a  bear.     See  arctic. 

archipel'ago  :  Gr.  archi,  chief,  and 
2)chigos,  sea  ;  originally  applied  to 
the  .Egean  Sea,  which  is  studded 
.  with  numerous  islands. 

arc'tic  :  Gr.  arktikos,  from  arktos, 
a  bear  and  a  northern  constella- 
tion so  called. 

Atlan'tic  :  Lat.  Atlanticus  ;  from 
"Atlas,"  a  fabled  Titan  who  was 
condemned  to  bear  heaven  on  his 
head  and  hands. 

ax'is  :  Lat.  axis,  an  axletree. 

bar'barous  :  Gr.  barbaros,  foreign. 
bay  :  Fr.  baie,  from  Lat.  baia,  an 
inlet. 

can'cer  :    Lat.   cancer,   a  crab  (the 

name  of  one  of  the  signs  of  the 

zodiac). 
cape :    Fr.    cap,    from   Lat.    caput, 

head, 
cap'ital  :  Lat.  capitaUs,  from,  caput, 

head. 
cap'ricorn :    Lat.  caper,  goat,  and 

cornu,  horn  (the  name  of  one  of 

the  signs  of  the  zodiac). 
car'dinal,  adj. :  Lat.  cardinalis,  from 

cardo,  carclinis,  a  hinge. 
chan'nel :  Lat.  canalis,  from  canna, 

a  reed  or  pipe, 
cir'cle  :  Lat.  circus,  from  Gr.  kirkos, 

a  riuK. 


circum'ference  :     Lat.      circuvi, 

around,  and  fcrrc,  to  bear, 
cit'y  :  Fr.  cite,  from  Lat.  civitas,  a 

state  or  community, 
civ'ilized  :  Lat.  civilis,  pertaining 

to  an  organized  community, 
cli'mate  :      Gr.     klima,     klimatos, 

slope,  the  supposed  slope  of  the 

earth   from   the   Eq^uator   to  the 

poles. 
coast :  Old  Fr.  costc  (New  Fr.  cute), 

from  Lat.  costa,  rib,  side. 
con'fluence  :  Lat.  con,  together,  and 

flucrc,  to  flow, 
con'tinent  :  Lat.  con,  together,  and 

tcncrc,  to  hold. 
con'tour  :   Lat.  con,  together,  and 

tornus,  a  lathe. 
coun'ty  :  Fr.  comtc,  from  Lat.  comi- 

tatus,  governed  by  a  count. 

degree' :  Lat.  de,  and  gradus,  a  step, 
diam'eter :  Gr.  dia,  through,  and 
metron,  measure. 

Equa'tor  :  Lat.  equus,  eqiial. 

es'tuary  :  Lat.  cvstuarc,  to  boil  up, 
or  be  furious  ;  the  reference  being 
to  the  commotion  made  by  the 
meeting  of  a  river-current  and  the 
tide. 

frig'id  :  Lat.  fri'jidus,  tvoni/rigere, 

to  be  cold. 
geog'raphy  :  Gr.  gc,  the  earth,  and 

graphe,  a  description. 


150 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


globe  :  Lat.  globus,  a  round  body. 
gulf :    Fr.    golfc,   from   Gr.   ko/pos, 
bosom,  bay. 

har'bor  :    Anglo-Saxon,   hcrchcrga, 

fronx  bcorgan,  to  shelter. 
hem'ispliere  :  Gr.   hemi,  half,  and 

spluiira,  sphere. 
hori'zon  :  Gr.  horizcin,  to  bound. 

In'dian  (ocean)  :  India. 
isth'mus  :  Gr.  isthnws,  a  neck. 

lake  :  Lat.  lacus,  a  lake. 
lat'itude  :  Lat.  latitudo,  from  latus, 

broad. 
lon'gitude  :    Lat.    lowjitiulo,    from 

loncjus,  long. 

merid'ian  :    Lat.   meridies  ( =  mc- 

dius,  middle,  and  dies,  day),  noon, 
metrop'olis  :    Gr.    meter,    mother, 

and  jjolis,  city. 
jnon'archy  :    Gr.   monarches,   from 

monos,  alone,  and  archein,  to  rule. 
moun'tain :    Fr.    montagne,    from 

Lat.  mons,  montis,  a  mountain. 

ob'late  :  Lat.  ohlatiis  {oh  and  past 
part,  oi  fcrrc,  to  bring),  brought 
forward. 


o'cean :  Gr.  okcamis,  from  okus, 
ra[iid,  and  nacin,  to  flow. 

Pacific  :  Lat.  pacijiciis,  from  pax, 
'pdcis,  peace,  &i\(\.  fuccrc,  to  make. 

par'allel :  Gr.  para,  beside,  and  al- 
lelon,  of  one  another. 

penin'sula  :  Lat.  penes,  almost,  and 
insula,  island. 

phys'ical :  Gr.  pJigsis  (jjhusis),  na- 
ture. 

plain  :  Lat.  jJlnnus,  flat. 

jDlane  :  Lat.  planus,  flat. 

jjole  :  Gr.  polos,  a  pivot. 

polit'ical :  Gr.  iwlis,  a  city  or  state. 

prom'ontory  :  Lat.  pro,  before,  and 
mons,  montis,  a  mountain. 

relief  :  Fr.  reJerer,  from  Lat.  rele- 
vnrc,  to  raise. 

repub'lic  :  Lat.  res,  an  affair,  and 
publica,  public  :  that  is,  a  com- 
monwealth. 

riv'er :  Fr.  riviere,  from  Lat.  ripa, 
a  shore  or  bank. 

sav'age  :    Fr.    sauvage,    from    Lat. 

silva,  a  wood. 
sea  :  Anglo-Saxon,  sec,  tlie  sea. 
soci'ety  :  Lat.  societas,  from  socius, 

a  companion. 


2. -TERMS   IN  GRAMMAR. 


ad'jective,  Lat.  adjcctivus,  from  ad 
and  jacere,  to  add  to  :  a  word 
joined  to  a  noun  or  pronoun  to 
limit  or  describe  its  meaning. 

ad'junct,  Lat.  adjunctus,  from  ad 
and  jungcre,  to  join  to  :  a  viodi- 
ficr  or  subordinate  element  of  a 
sentence. 


ad'verb,  Lat.  advcrbimn,  from  ad, 
to,  and  verbum,  word,  verb :  a 
word  tised  to  modify  the  meaning 
of  a  verb,  an  adjective,  or  another 
adverb. 

anal'ysis,  Gr.  analusis,  from  ana 
and  lucin,  to  unloose,  to  resolve 
into  its  elements  :  the  separation 


MISCELLANEOUS   DERIVATIVES. 


151 


of  a  sentence  into  its  constituent 

elements. 
antece'dent,  L.it.  anteccdcns,  pres. 

part,  of  antccedere,  to  go  before  : 

the  notm  or  pronoun  represented 

htj  a  relative  2Jronoun. 
apposi'tion,  Lat.  aj^positio,  from  ad, 

to,  and  ijoiierc,  to  place  beside  : 

the  state  of  two  nouns  put  in  the 

same   case   without   a   conncctimi 

loord  beliveen  them. 
ar'ticle,    Lat.    articulus,    a    little 

joint  :  one  of  t/ie  three  icords,  a, 

an,  or  the. 
auxil'iary,    Lat.    auxiliaris,    from 

auxilium,  help,  aid  :  a  verb  used 

to  assist  in  conjugatini/  other  verbs. 

case,  Lat.  casus,  from  cadere,  to 
fall,  to  happen  :  a  grammatical 
form  denoting  the  relation  of  a 
noun  or  pronoun  to  some  other 
word  in  the  sentence. 

clause,  Lat.  claiidere,  clausum,  to 
shut  :  a  dependent  2)roposition  in- 
troduced by  a  connective. 

compar'ison,  Lat.  comjxiratio,  from 
compararc,  to  liken  to  :  a  varia- 
tion in  the  form  of  an  adjective  or 
adverb  to  express  degrees  of  quan- 
tity or  quality. 

com'plement,  Lat.  complemcntum, 
from  con  and  plere,  to  fill  fully  : 
tJie  word  or  words  required  to  com- 
jdete  the  jfredication  of  a  transitive 
rrrh. 

com'plex  (sentence),  Lat.  com- 
2)lexus,  from  cmi  and  plecterc,  to 
twist  around  :  a  sentciice  consist- 
ing of  one  independent  ivojwsition 
and  one  or  more  clauses. 

com'pound    (sentence),    Lat.   com- 


ponere  (=  con  ^nA  jfonere) ,  to  put 
together  :  a  sentence  conslstiiuj  of 
tico  or  more  independent  propo- 
sitions. 

conjuga'tion,  Lat.  conjugatio,  from 
con  and  jugarc,  to  join  together : 
the  systematic  arrangement  of  a 
verb  according  to  its  various  gram- 
matical forms. 

conjunc'tion,  Lat.  conjunctio,  from 
con  and  j  U7ige7r,  to  join  together: 
a  woi'd  used  to  connect  sentences  or 
the  elements  of  sentences. 

declen'sion,  Lat.  dcclinatio,  from 
declinarc,  to  lean  or  incline  :  the 
jyrocess  of  giving  in  regular  order 
the  cases  and  numbers  of  a  no^ui 
or  pronoun. 

ellip'sis,  Gr.  elleipsis,  a  leaving  or 
defect  :  the  omission  of  a  xcord  m- 
words  necessary  to  complete  the 
grammatical  structure  of  the  sen- 
tence. 

etymol'ogy,  Gr.  etumologia.,  from 
ctumon,  the  true  literal  sense  of  a 
word,  and  logos,  a  discourse  :  that 
division  of  grammar  tchich  treats 
of  the  dassification  and  gram- 
matical forms  of  icords. 

fem'inine  (gender),  Lat.  fcminimis, 
from  femina,  woman  :  the  gender 
of  a  noun  denoting  a  person  of  the 
female  sex. 

gen'der,  Lat.  genus,  generis,  kind : 
a  grammatical  form  expressing  the 
sex  or  non-sex  of  an  object  named 
by  a  noun. 

gram'mar,   Gr.  gramma,   a  letter, 


152 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


through  Fr.  gravimaire :  the  sci- 
ence of  language. 

imper'ative  (mood),  Lat.  vnpera- 
tivHs,  from  nnperare,  to  command. : 
the  mood  of  a  verb  tcsed  in  the 
statement  of  a  command  or  re- 
quest. 

inclic'ative(mood),  Lat.  indicativus, 
from  indicare,  to  proclaim  :  the 
mood  of  a  verb  used  in  the  state- 
ment of  a  fact,  or  of  a  matter  taken 
as  a  fact. 

inflec'tion,  Lat.  inflexio,  from  in- 
flcctere,  to  bend  in  :  a  change  in 
tlie  ending  of  a  ivord. 

interjec'tion,  Lat.  interject  io,  from 
inter  and  jaccre,  to  throw  be- 
tween :  a  irord  ivhich  expresses 
an  emotion,  bat  ivhich  does  not 
enter  into  (he  construction  of  the 
sentence. 

intran'sitive  (verb),  Lat.  intransi- 
timis  =  in,  not,  and  transitivus, 
from  trccns  and  ire,  ititm,  to  go 
beyond :  a  verb  that  denotes  a 
state  or  condition,  or  an  action  not 
terminating  on  an  object. 

mas'culine  (gender),  Lat.  masculus, 
male  :  the  gender  of  a  noun  describ- 
ing a  person  of  the  male  sex. 

mode.     See  mood. 

mood,  Lat.  modus,  through  Fr. 
7node,  manner :  a  grammatical 
form  denoting  the  style  of  predica- 
tion. 

neu'ter  (gender),  Lat.  neuter,  nei- 
ther :  the  gender  of  a  noun  denot- 
ing an  object  without  life. 

nom'inative  (case),    Lat.  nominee- 


tivus,  from  nomcn,  a  name  :  that 
form  ivhich  a  noun  has  when  it  is 
the  subject  of  a  verb. 

noun,  Lat.  nomen,  a  name,  through 
Fr.  nom  :  a  name-ioord,  the  name 
of  angthing. 

num'ber,  Lat.  numerus,  through 
Fr.  nombre,  number :  a  gram- 
matical form  expressing  one  or 
more  than  one  of  the  objects  named 
by  a  noun  or  pronoun. 

ob'ject,  Lat.  ob  and  jaccre,  to  set 
before  :  that  toward  which  an  ac- 
tivity is  directed  or  is  considered 
to  be  directed. 

objec'tive  (case),  Lat.  objectivus, 
fiom  ob  and  jaccre :  the  case  which 
follows  a  transitive  verb  or  a  prep- 
osition. 

parse,  Lat.  ^;rt?'s,  a  part :  to  j^oint 
out  the  several  ptarts  of  speech  in  a 
sentence  and  their  relation  to  one 
another. 

par'ticiple,  Lat.  2^nrticipiu)n,  from 
jmrs,  part,  and  capere,  to  take,  to 
share :  a  verbal  adjective,  a  word 
which  shares  or  participates  in  the 
nature  both  of  the  verb  and  of  the 
adjective. 

per'son,  Lat.  persona,  the  part  taken 
by  a  performer  :  a  grammatical 
form  ivhich  shoics  whether  the 
speaker  is  meant,  the  person  spoken 
to,  or  the  person  spoken  of. 

phrase,  Gr.  phrasis,  a  brief  expres- 
sion, from  ph7'azein,  to  speak  :  a. 
combination  of  related  words  for7n- 
ing  an  clement  of  a  sentence. 

ple'onasm,  Gr.  2^^<'onasmos,  from 
p)leion,    more  :    the   use  of   more 


MISCELLANEOUS   DERIVATIVES. 


153 


words  to  express  an  idea  than  are 
iiecessari/. 

plu'ral  (number),  Lat.  2^lHralis, 
horn  plits,  2Jluris,  more  :  t/i£  num- 
ber which  designates  more  than 
mie. 

possess'ive  (case),  Lat.  j)ossessivus, 
irom  possidere,  to  own  :  that  form 
which  a  noun  or  pronoun  has  in 
order  to  denote  ownership)  or  jJos- 
session. 

poten'tial  (mood),  Lat.  ^jotow,  po- 
tcntis,  being  able  :  tJie  mood  of  a 
verb  used  in  the  statement  of  some- 
thing 2wssible  or  contingent. 

pred'icate,  Lat.  2rra;dicatum,  from 
2)rce  and  dicare,  to  proclaim  :  the 
luord  or  icords  in  a  pro2)Osition 
which  exjjress  what  is  affirmed  of 
the  subject. 

preposi'tion,  Lat.  ^rra^wszYio,  from 
2}rai  and  ponere,  to  put  before  :  a 
connective  loord  expressing  a  rela- 
tion of  vieaning  bctivcen  a  noun  or 
pronoun  and  some  other  word. 

pro'noun,  Lat.  pronomen,  from 
jiro,  for,  and  nomcn,  a  noun  :  a 
icord  used  instead,  of  a  noim. 

prop'osition,  Lat.  propositio,  from 
2)ropo7icre  {2^0  and  2Jonere),  to  put 
forth :  the  combination  of  a  sub- 
ject with  a  2yrcdicatc. 

rel'ative  (pronoun),  Lat.  relativus, 
from  re  and  ferre,  latus,  to  bear 
back  :  a  2rronoicn  that  refers  to  an 
antecedent  noun  or  pronoun. 


sen'tence,  Lat.  sententia,  from  sen- 
tire,  to  think  :  a  combination  of 
wo7-ds  express  i7ig  a  conqjlete  thought. 

sim'ple  (sentence),  Lat,  sim2)lex, 
from  sine,  without,  and  plica, 
fold  :  a  sentence  having  but  one 
subject  and  one  2}rcdicate. 

sub'ject,  Lat.  subject  us,  from  sub 
and  jacere,  to  place  under :  tliat 
of  icliich  something  is  predicated. 

subjunc'tive  (mood),  Lat.  subjunc- 
tivus,  from  sub  and  jungere,  to 
subjoin :  the  mood  used  in  tJie 
statement  of  something  merely 
thoicght  of. 

syn'tax,  Gr.  simtaxis,  from  sun,  to- 
gether, and  taxis,  arrangement  : 
tlmt  division  of  grammar  -which 
treats  of  the  relations  of  words  in 
sentences. 

tense,  Lat.  temples,  time,  through 
Fr.  temps :  a  grammatical  form 
of  the  verb  denoting  the  time  of  tin 
action  or  event. 

tran'sitive,  Lat.  transitivus,  from 
trans  and  ire,  ifum,  to  pass  over  : 
a  verb  tluit  denotes  an  action  termi- 
nating on  some  object. 

verb,  Lat.  verbum,  a  word  :  a  ivord 
that  2}redicates  action  or  being. 

voice,  Lat.  vox,  vocis,  voice,  through 
Fr.  voix  :  a  grammatical  form  of 
tJic  tra-nsitive  verb,  expressing 
whether  the  subject  names  the  actor 
or  tlie  reci]}ient  of  tlie  action. 


154 


WORD-ANALYSIS. 


3.-TERMS   IN   ARITHMETIC. 


addi'tion,    Lat.    additio,    from  ad- 

dcrc,  to  add. 
al'iquot,  Lat.  aliquot,  some, 
arith'metic,    Or.   adj.   ariihmdike, 

munerical,     from     ii.     arithmos, 

nniuber. 
avoirdupois',  Fr.  avoir  du  jwis,  to 

have  [a  fixed  or  standard]  weight. 

cancella'tion,  Lat.  cance.Uatio,  from 
cancdlare,  to  make  like  a  hittiee 
{cancclli),  to  strike  or  cross  out. 

cent,  Lat.  centuvi,  a  hundred. 

ci'pher,  Arabic  sifrim,  empty,  zero. 

cube,  Gr.  kubos,  a  cubical  die. 

dec'imal,  Lat.  dccimiis,  tenth,  from 
decern,  ten. 

denom'inator,  Lat.  dcnominare, 
from  de  and  nominarc  {iioracn,  a 
name),  to  call  by  name. 

dig'it,  Lat.  digitus,  a  iinger. 

div'idend,  Lat.  dividcndus,  to  be 
divided,  from  dividere,  to  divide. 

divis'ion,  Lat.  divisio,  from  divi- 
dere, to  divide. 

divi'sor,  Sp.  divisor,  that  wliich 
divides,  from  Lat.  dividere,  to 
divide. 

dol'lar,  Ger.  thaler,  an  abbreviation 
of  Joachimsthcdcr,  i.  e.  a  piece  of 
money  first  coined,  about  1518, 
in  the  valley  {tital)  oi  Si.  Joachim, 
in  Bohemia. 

equa'tion,  Lat.  ccqunlio,  U-Qma:quus, 

equal. 
expo'nent,     Lat.    cjcponcns,    pros. 

jiart.  of  exjmnere,  to  set  forth  (^ 

e.r  and  poncir). 
fac'tor,  Lut.  factor,  that  wliich  docs 


something,   from  facere,  factum, 

to  do  or  make, 
fig'ure,    Lat.    figura,    shape,    from 

fingerc,  to  form  or  shape. 
frac'tion,   Lat.  fractio,  from  fran- 

gcre,  to  break. 

in'teger,  Lat.  integer,  untouched, 
whok'. 

in'terest,  Lat.  interest  =  it  inter- 
ests, is  of  interest  (3d  per.  sing, 
pres.  indie,  of  intcrcsse,  to  be  be- 
tween, to  be  of  importance). 

min'uend,   Lat.   minuendus,  to  be 

diminished,     from    minuere,    to 

lessen. 
mul'tiple,     Lat.     multiplex,    from 

m.ultus,    much,    and    plicare,    to 

fold. 
mul'tiply,  multiplication,  etc.  See 

multiple. 

naught,  Anglo-Sax.  lunchit,  from  nc, 

not,   and  aiviht  or  auht,   aught, 

anything. 
nota'tion,  Lat.  notatio,  from  notare, 

to  mark  (not a,  a  mark). 
numera'tion,  Lat.  numercdio,  from 

Humerus,  a  number. 

quo'tient,  Lat.  quolies,  how  often, 
how  many  times,  from  quot,  how 
many. 

subtrac'tion,  Lat.  suhtractio,  from 
s)(h  and  trahcre,  to  draw  from 
under. 

u'nit,  Lat.  uuus,  one. 

ze'ro,  Arabic  (^ifrun,  empty,  ciphei'. 


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